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Back|俄羅斯鼠疫會引發一場全球疫情嗎?
俄羅斯鼠疫會引發一場全球疫情嗎?
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BBC中文·1 hour ago·Health·4 min read·🇨🇳China

俄羅斯鼠疫會引發一場全球疫情嗎?

一名西伯利亞研究人員在接觸鼠疫後身亡,引發公眾擔憂。專家解釋為何現代醫學與防疫措施能有效遏制此類傳染病。

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一名俄羅斯西伯利亞防疫研究所的28歲技術員達莉亞·希皮洛娃因疑似鼠疫死亡,導致近200人被隔離。專家指出,由於現代抗生素治療有效、症狀明顯且傳播機制受限,該事件演變為全球疫情的可能性極低。

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Why It Matters

鼠疫由鼠疫耶爾森氏菌引起,分為腺鼠疫、肺鼠疫和敗血型鼠疫。現代醫學可通過抗生素有效治療鼠疫。

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一名俄羅斯實驗室技術員在西伯利亞一處鼠疫研究中心身亡,但肺鼠疫通常很容易被控制,原因有很多。

場景聽起來或許有些似曾相識。上週五,西伯利亞一名女子因「原因未明」的肺炎死亡,她此前可能曾接觸鼠疫。俄羅斯媒體報道,近200人被隔離。官員迅速出面打消疑慮,但網上的揣測與恐慌仍在蔓延。

這名28歲女子名叫達莉亞·希皮洛娃(Darya Shipilova),任職於西伯利亞伊爾庫茨克(Irkutsk)地區的防疫研究所。未經證實的消息指,她出現類似肺炎的症狀,可能是在打破一支裝有鼠疫菌的試管之後,也可能是在前往與蒙古接壤的布里亞特(Buryatia)地區野外考察之後。在這一地區的野生動物之間,鼠疫屬於地方性流行病。

截至發稿時,希皮洛娃的死因尚未得到官方確認,據報實驗室檢測仍在進行。但有一點很清楚:專家認為,這起個案不太可能演變成全球疫情。原因如下。

鼠疫由鼠疫耶爾森氏菌(Yersinia pestis)引起。臨床上分為三種:腺鼠疫、肺鼠疫和敗血型鼠疫。腺鼠疫(bubonic plague)最常見,經受感染跳蚤叮咬傳播。細菌進入人體後會轉移到淋巴結,在腹股溝、頸部和腋下形成稱為「橫痃」(buboes)的疼痛腫塊。腺鼠疫很少出現人傳人,但細菌可進入血液,造成敗血型鼠疫;也可能進入肺部,引發肺鼠疫。

與其他類型不同,肺鼠疫可通過患者咳嗽或打噴嚏時釋放到空氣中的微小飛沫在人與人之間傳播。肺鼠疫若不及早治療通常致命,從接觸到出現症狀最短只需24小時。14世紀由腺鼠疫和肺鼠疫引起的黑死病,在歐洲造成超過2500萬人死亡,人口減少三分之一至三分之二。當時新開通的貿易路線,以及通過船運進口穀物、麵粉等貨物,為疫情蔓延提供了條件。

然而,現代環境要不利於鼠疫的傳播得多。首先,耶爾森氏菌引起的肺鼠疫如果得不到治療,幾乎總是致命的;但如今,用簡單且廣泛易得的抗生素就可以治癒。牛津大學(University of Oxford)研究與貧困相關傳染病的教授皮耶羅·奧利亞羅(Piero Olliaro)說:「我們有兩種治療方法,對腺鼠疫非常有效。」

包括美國疾病管制與預防中心(CDC)在內的衛生機關,已有應對鼠疫遭蓄意釋放的計畫,包括追蹤接觸者、向醫院提供指引,以及調配醫療物資。雖然風險被視為偏低,但鼠疫過去確曾被用作武器。譬如,有傳聞指14世紀曾把感染者的屍體投向敵方;第二次世界大戰期間,日本軍方也曾向中國平民投放受感染跳蚤。

2025年,奧利亞羅與同事在馬達加斯加發表了史上第一個腺鼠疫治療的隨機對照試驗。結果顯示,口服環丙沙星(ciprofloxacin)與注射用氨基糖苷類(aminoglycoside)抗生素的療效分別達91%與92%。此外,即使在少數病情進展為肺鼠疫的個案中,迅速治療後仍有85%的人好轉並存活。

另一個不太可能出現鼠疫大流行的原因是:與新冠病毒不同,肺鼠疫要等到症狀出現後才能傳播,通常在24小時內。症狀嚴重且明顯,因此後續個案可在傳播發生前被迅速辨識、隔離並治療。英國伯明翰大學病毒免疫學副教授扎妮婭·斯塔馬塔基(Zania Stamataki)解釋:「這不是那種會被漏掉的病,不會出現有人帶著病上飛機、到處旅行,然後各地冒出新感染的情況。」她說,染疫後的身體情況會很快就變得很明顯。

據世界衛生組織(WHO),此次俄羅斯患者的所有接觸者據報均已找出並接受監測,目前無人出現症狀。這與美國CDC的公共衛生建議一致:找出被視為有風險的人,以便監測、篩檢、隔離並給予抗生素。世衛組織發言人克里斯蒂安·林德邁爾(Christian Lindmeier)在本週二公布初步風險評估。他告訴媒體稱相關風險「對伊爾庫茨克屬中低,對俄羅斯聯邦整體屬低,對世衛歐洲區域則非常低」。

一般而言,實驗室環境中的傳播極為罕見,因為通常有嚴密程序防止意外暴露。斯塔馬塔基說:「這些是非常專門的實驗室,有一層又一層的防護。」例如,研究人員會穿戴全套個人防護裝備,樣本也只在生物安全櫃內處理。這些安全櫃維持負壓,氣流由外向內、遠離操作者。她告訴BBC:「如果試管破了,也是在櫃內破裂,操作者會受到保護。」即使運送試管,試管也會放在第二層密封容器內。她又強調,技術人員在這類實驗室工作前,都經過嚴格訓練。

此外,14世紀鼠疫在歐洲之所以迅速蔓延,主因之一是當時普遍惡劣的生活條件。垃圾與食物殘渣散落街頭,成為攜帶病媒跳蚤的黑鼠理想棲地。當時人們居住極度擁擠,商人則在狹窄船艙裡待上數月。如今,對世界上大部分地區而言,這些條件已不復存在。儘管如此,仍必須說明鼠疫並非只存在於歷史。

Open Questions

  • ?希皮洛娃的確切死因是什麼?
  • ?實驗室事故的具體細節為何?

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This article was originally published by BBC中文.

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一名俄羅斯西伯利亞防疫研究所的28歲技術員達莉亞·希皮洛娃因疑似鼠疫死亡,導致近200人被隔離。專家指出,由於現代抗生素治療有效、症狀明顯且傳播機制受限,該事件演變為全球疫情的可能性極低。

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Published
1 hour ago
鼠疫
俄羅斯
公共衛生
鼠疫
達莉亞·希皮洛娃
皮耶羅·奧利亞羅
扎妮婭·斯塔馬塔基
克里斯蒂安·林德邁爾
BBC未來網
世界衛生組織
美國疾病管制與預防中心
牛津大學
西伯利亞
伊爾庫茨克
布里亞特
馬達加斯加
俄羅斯
公共衛生
傳染病
伊爾庫茨克
耶爾森氏菌

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