
自俄乌战争爆发以来,德国基于良心原因拒绝服兵役的申请人数逐年上升,2025年达到3879人,今年截至8月底已收到12102份申请。德国近期出台了针对新兵役制度的相关规定。
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德国基本法第4条第3款保障公民有基于良心理由拒绝服兵役的权利。德国于2011年终止普遍义务兵役制,但近期出台了新兵役制度规定。
(德国之声中文网)俄罗斯侵略乌克兰战争开始后,德国拒绝服兵役的申请人数逐年上升:2022年为951人;2023年为1079人;2024年为2249人,2025年为3879人。据负责处理该事务的联邦家庭与公民社会事务局(Bundesamt für Familie und zivilgesellschaftliche Aufgaben)公布的数据,今年截至8月底,该部门已收到12102份基于良心原因拒绝服兵役的申请。
2011年,德国正式终止了实行数十年的普遍义务兵役制,转为全志愿兵役制的职业军队。但自今年1月1日起,德国新兵役制度的相关规定正式生效。按照新规定,在联邦国防军服役仍是自愿的,但针对2008年及以后出生的男性实行强制兵役登记。所有当年满18岁的男性和女性都会收到一份问卷,以确定他们在联邦国防军服役的意愿与适合性。男性必须填写在线问卷。女性则自愿。从2027年7月起,所有当年满18岁的男性都必须参加联邦国防军组织的征兵体检。此外,在志愿服役人数不足或安全局势恶化的情况下,德国政府和联邦议院有权启动“按需征兵制”。
德国《基本法》明确保障公民有基于良心理由拒绝服兵役的权利。《基本法》第4条第3款明文规定:“不得让任何人违反其良心服兵役。具体细节由联邦法律规定。”因此,如果提出申请并被确定为“拒服兵役者”,那么即使国防需要,拒绝者也不会被征召入伍。
延伸阅读:为何德国拒服兵役者人数激增?
(德国福音新闻社)

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