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BackAI“带货”登场,全球贸易嬗变
AI“带货”登场,全球贸易嬗变
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中国新闻网6 minutes agoBusiness7 min readChina

AI“带货”登场,全球贸易嬗变

世贸组织数据显示,2026年上半年AI相关商品贸易额贡献全球货物贸易增长47%,专家分析AI对全球贸易格局的影响

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2026年上半年,AI相关商品贸易额同比增长67%,贡献全球货物贸易增长47%,世贸组织将2026年全球货物贸易量增速预测由1.9%上调至3.9%。专家指出,AI不仅创造贸易增量,还在改变产业链分工、贸易形态及跨境交易环节,并带来数字鸿沟和贸易规则等新挑战。

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Why It Matters

世界贸易组织10月发布的《全球贸易展望与统计》报告显示,2026年上半年AI相关商品贸易额同比增长67%,贡献全球货物贸易增长47%。联合国贸易和发展会议5月指出,AI相关产品支撑了2025年以来部分货物贸易增长。世贸组织2025年提出涵盖104类商品的AI相关贸易清单,并在10月报告中作进一步修订。

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世界贸易组织数据显示,2026年上半年,人工智能(AI)相关商品贸易额贡献了全球货物贸易额增长的47%,国际贸易增长动力正出现新变化。随着AI投资扩大,相关需求如何沿全球产业链传导?AI又将怎样影响全球贸易格局和运行方式?本报邀请专家分析。

算力投资带来贸易增量

世界贸易组织10月发布的《全球贸易展望与统计》报告显示,今年上半年,AI相关商品贸易额同比增长67%,贡献了同期全球货物贸易额增长的47%。AI基础设施投资持续扩大,成为支撑全球贸易增长的重要动力之一。考虑到AI相关商品需求强劲、全球供应链表现出较强韧性等因素,世贸组织将2026年全球货物贸易量增速预测由今年3月的1.9%上调至3.9%。

AI相关商品贸易快速增长,与全球AI基础设施投资扩大密切相关。国际能源署《能源与人工智能》报告指出,人工智能模型的训练和运行主要依托数据中心,需要大量服务器、存储和网络设备,以及配套的供电、冷却设施。随着AI数据中心建设加快,相关硬件采购需求持续增长,带动国际贸易向好。世贸组织预计,今年全球AI基础设施投资将增长至少30%。

联合国贸易和发展会议今年5月也指出,AI相关产品支撑了2025年以来部分货物贸易增长。另据美联储2月发布的研究,数据中心建设扩大了对关键零部件和中间产品的需求,带动一些出口导向型经济体的相关产品出口。

中国国际经济交流中心美欧研究部副部长、研究员张茉楠在接受本报记者采访时表示,AI相关贸易的增长,在一定程度上减少了传统贸易增长动力减弱带来的负面影响。在全球贸易面临诸多不确定因素的背景下,AI相关商品需求快速增长,为全球贸易提供重要新动能。

“但理解AI对贸易的拉动作用,不能只看芯片、服务器等单一商品的出口增长。”张茉楠表示,AI给贸易带来的不仅是量的改变,也是结构的改变,随着AI逐步嵌入传统产业,其对上下游生产环节的带动作用将进一步显现,并催生新的设备、软件和数字服务需求,其影响日益呈现出“乘数效应”和“网状效应”。以半导体产业为例,AI需求增长不仅带动芯片销售,还涉及上游材料和设备、中游制造和封装测试、下游计算设备及相关服务。

世界贸易组织报告也明确指出,AI是一种技术能力,而非特定商品,因此现有国际贸易统计中并没有专门的“AI”类别。为统计相关贸易,世贸组织2025年提出了一份涵盖104类商品的清单,包括支持AI发展的原材料、中间产品和设备。世贸组织在今年10月的报告中对清单作了进一步修订,以提高统计准确性。

技术应用推动贸易转型

AI不仅创造新的贸易增量,也在改变企业生产经营方式、全球产业链分工和国际贸易形态。

对外经济贸易大学国家对外开放研究院研究员、教授王志民接受本报记者采访时表示,随着AI技术逐渐在制造业中应用,智能化生产不仅能优化生产流程、降低生产成本,还能增强企业的柔性生产能力,使企业更灵活地满足国际市场小批量、多品种、个性化的订单需求。同时,AI技术加快融入汽车、机器人、智能终端等产品,有助于提高产品技术含量和附加值,推动相关产业向全球价值链更高环节发展。

AI产业发展,也在影响全球产业链布局。世界贸易组织数据显示,2025年,全球约85%的AI相关商品出口集中在10个经济体,反映出相关产业较高的集中度。

张茉楠表示,AI基础设施建设助推相关硬件及中间产品贸易增长,使具备半导体制造、电子设备生产等优势的经济体获得更多市场需求。各经济体依托不同优势,参与芯片制造、设备生产、数据中心建设等环节,形成跨国分工与协作。各国加大对AI产业的战略布局,产业政策与市场投资相互作用,将进一步影响全球产业链供应链的调整。

变化还延伸至跨境交易环节。王志民分析,AI可帮助企业突破语言和信息障碍,更高效地开展市场分析、产品设计、客户服务和跨境营销。在物流领域,智能化技术能优化仓储管理、运输调度和库存配置,降低交易成本,提高订单履约效率。随着相关技术普及,过去需要投入大量人力、资金才能开展的国际贸易活动,有望以更低成本完成,为更多企业进入国际市场创造条件。

除了赋能传统商品贸易,AI还在拓展数字服务贸易空间。王志民表示,随着AI技术发展,算法、模型及相关智能服务可以通过网络实现跨境交付,推动国际贸易由单纯的商品交易向商品与技术、服务相结合的方向发展。

张茉楠认为,AI的广泛应用正在改变传统贸易形态。过去,企业出口设备,往往以交付商品为主要交易内容。如今,企业除了出口设备,还可以向海外客户跨境交付数据分析、软件升级、远程运维等服务。随着AI深度嵌入传统产业,货物贸易、服务贸易和数字贸易之间的边界将日益模糊,国际贸易的组织方式将发生新变化。

发展机遇与合作新课题

随着AI广泛应用,如何让更多国家分享新的贸易机遇,成为国际社会面临的重要课题。

联合国贸易和发展会议在《2026年世界投资报告》中指出,人工智能、半导体等战略性产业的国际投资日益集中,许多发展中国家尚未充分参与其中。

“AI既为后发国家提供了跨越既有技术障碍的新机会,也可能因各国在技术、基础设施和人才等方面的差距,进一步扩大数字鸿沟。如果缺乏必要的发展条件,一些经济体可能难以进入新兴产业链的关键环节,充分分享全球贸易增长红利。”王志民说。

王志民表示,缩小发展差距,需要加强数字基础设施、技术应用和人才培养等领域的国际合作,提升发展中国家参与数字经济和国际贸易的能力。近年来,随着数字丝绸之路建设,中国与相关国家在数字基础设施、智慧城市等领域开展合作,为双方发展数字产业、拓展经贸往来创造有利条件。

AI的广泛应用也给国际贸易规则带来新挑战。张茉楠表示,随着数据、算法和智能服务更多参与跨境交易,市场准入、跨境数据流动、隐私保护、知识产权、安全认证等方面的问题也会日益突出。特别是AI模型训练中的数据使用授权、生成内容的知识产权归属等问题,对现有规则提出新要求。

张茉楠认为,随着各国加快人工智能产业布局,不同国家的技术标准、监管要求和产业政策等也可能出现差异。未来,国际贸易中的分歧与摩擦,可能不再仅仅围绕商品数量和贸易收支展开,还将更多涉及技术使用、安全保障、规则公平等方面的问题。

面对这些新问题,国际合作的重要性进一步凸显。王志民表示,各国应在完善相关法律法规、技术标准和管理制度的同时,加强数字领域的国际协调与制度对接,为技术应用和跨境贸易提供更稳定的规则环境。

“展望AI时代的国际经贸前景,挑战和合作机遇并存。”张茉楠说,AI产业链各环节紧密联系,相关技术应用和风险具有跨国性。尽管技术和产业竞争可能造成分歧,但数据安全、知识产权保护、AI治理等问题,难以由任何一个国家独立解决。加强相关领域的国际协调与合作,既是应对共同挑战的需要,也有助于人工智能为全球贸易创造更加持久、广泛的发展机遇。

《人民日报海外版》(2026年11月05日 第 06 版)

本报记者 林子涵

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 各国将加强数字领域的国际协调与制度对接,为技术应用和跨境贸易提供更稳定的规则环境

    Likely · Within months

  • 货物贸易、服务贸易和数字贸易之间的边界将日益模糊,国际贸易的组织方式将发生新变化

    Likely · Within months

Open Questions

  • 具体哪些国家或地区是AI相关商品贸易增长的主要受益方?
  • AI相关贸易清单中104类商品的具体构成及贸易额分布如何?
  • 各国在AI技术标准和监管方面的具体分歧将如何协调?
  • 发展中国家参与AI产业链的具体合作机制和时间表是什么?

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This article was originally published by 中国新闻网.

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