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BackAI投資規模擴大 市場關注表外融資風險
AI投資規模擴大 市場關注表外融資風險
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自由时报1 hour agoBusiness3 min readChinaView translation

AI投資規模擴大 市場關注表外融資風險

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全球科技公司為建設AI資料中心大規模投資,部分透過表外融資方式舉債,近期AI相關債券價格下跌、信用違約交換成本上升,引發市場對未來AI收入是否足以償還龐大債務的擔憂。文章以Meta在路易斯安那州的Hyperion項目為例,說明其透過Beignet Investor發行270億美元債券,並指出大型雲端企業表外融資規模約達3兆美元,而AI投資預計將持續增長,但收入與利潤能否匹配支出成為關鍵爭論點。

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Why It Matters

人工智慧投資熱潮推動全球科技公司大規模建設資料中心,為支撐龐大資本支出,部分公司透過表外融資方式發行債券,將負債不列入資產負債表。近期市場開始關注此種融資模式下,未來AI帶來的收入與利潤是否足以償還債務及利息成本。

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AI投資越燒越大,市場追查「看不見的融資」。(擷取自社群平台)

〔財經頻道/綜合報導〕人工智慧投資熱潮持續推升全球科技企業大規模擴建資料中心,但隨著越來越多資金透過借貸投入AI基礎建設,市場開始關注一個問題:AI基礎建設的投資規模已經大到這些科技公司開始大量利用「表外融資」(off-balance-sheet financing)來支撐建設,但未來AI帶來的收入與利潤,是否足以支持如此龐大的投資規模與融資成本。

《路透》指出,近期部分AI相關債券價格下跌,信用違約交換(CDS)成本升高,是否代表AI融資體系開始出現裂縫,成為投資人關注焦點。在這些事件當中,「Hyperion」與「Beignet」這2家公司的名字可能還不為多數投資人熟悉,但它們可能逐漸成為美國人工智慧基礎建設投資熱潮中,過度借貸與支出現象的象徵。

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文章指出,Hyperion是Meta Platforms最大的資料中心項目,目前正在美國路易斯安那州里奇蘭教區興建,該資料中心規劃具備5GW運算能力,投資規模超過500億美元(約新台幣1.5兆元)。就在去年,為支應該計畫所發行的債券,透過名為「Beignet Investor」的合資工具發行。

其關鍵是,因Meta在該計畫中的持股比例僅20%,相關負債並未列入公司資產負債表外,類似摩根士丹利所指出,輝達(Nvidia)、博通(Broadcom)以及亞馬遜、Alphabet等大型雲端企業,透過融資與租賃架構放在表外的約3兆美元(約新台幣95.4兆元)資金安排。

Beignet債券規模達270億美元(約新台幣8586億元),為2049年到期的6.581%優先擔保債券;該債券發行時獲得標普全球(S&P Global)A+信用評等。不過,評等機構同時警告,在資料中心建設與營運階段,部分「重大信用風險」可能轉嫁至Meta。

據報導,近期市場價格變化,似乎開始反映這項風險,因為該債券的價格快速下滑,週一交易價格跌至每美元91美分、殖利率升至7.55%。目前其利差約高於美國公債230個基點,高於發行時的185個基點,但仍低於7月創下的255個基點高點。

市場分析認為,這尚未構成恐慌訊號,但已成為AI融資體系可能出現壓力的眾多跡象之一。與此同時,AI產業相關企業的信用違約交換成本也開始升高。以Meta的CDS價格來說,週一突破7月高點、接近100個基點,多數大型科技公司的CDS也升至歷史高位。

此外,甲骨文(Oracle)日前宣布,因取得AI資料中心電力供應可能延遲,對美國新墨西哥州一項計畫提出「不可抗力」通知,該計畫可能延後最多一年。巧合的是,該計畫另一名支持者同樣包括Blue Owl。

市場估計,今年全球AI資本支出約達1兆美元,明年可能升至1.2兆美元(約新台幣38.1兆元);牛津經濟研究院則估計,2024年至2028年間累計AI投資可能達3.8兆美元(約新台幣120.8兆元),其中相當部分資金已開始透過債務融資。

高盛分析師估計,大型雲端企業未來幾年需要創造約3,000億美元AI年收入才能達到損益平衡。若企業目標投資報酬率為15%至20%,牛津經濟研究院估算,則需要額外創造5700億至8000億美元(約新台幣18.1-25.4兆元)利潤。

然而,牛津經濟研究院指出,這與AI可能帶來的整體經濟成長規模存在落差。該機構估計,到2032年AI將為美國GDP增加8500億美元(約新台幣27.3兆元);若以15%投資報酬率計算,僅少數大型科技公司就需要取得其中約3分之2的新增GDP,若假設20%報酬率,甚至接近全部。

即便如此,AI借貸與投資仍持續增加。今年大型雲端企業已發行約2500億美元(約新台幣7.9兆元)債務,預計明年還會大幅增加。同時,美國聯準會開始升息,美國公債殖利率也升至全球金融危機前以來最高水準,使大型科技企業在表內與表外融資的利息負擔持續增加。

不過,Meta與其他大型科技公司因企業基本面強勁,發生違約或破產的可能性仍極低。但市場真正關注的是:當企業借貸規模相對於未來AI收入大幅增加時,目前債券價格下跌究竟是否合理,還是反而形成投資機會。專家認為,這場爭論的核心,仍取決於投資人是否相信AI帶來的回報最終能超越龐大的投入,以及願意等待多久,因為目前AI基礎建設投資規模已達驚人程度。

文章最後結論,債務負擔多重才算過重? Meta公司「過度融資」的債務交易的命運或許能提供一些線索。

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What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • AI基礎建設投資將在未來1-2年內繼續增加,但增長速度可能放緩

    Likely · Within months

  • 若AI收入增長不如預期,表外融資規模較大的公司可能面臨信用評等下調壓力

    Possible · Within months

Open Questions

  • AI實際產出的收入與利潤何時才能匹配當前投資規模?
  • 若AI收入增長不如預期,表外融資是否會導致信用評等下調?
  • 利率持續上升環境下,企業債務利息負擔將如何影響現金流?
  • 大型科技公司是否有備用方案應對潛在的融資壓力?

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