
AI資料中心快速增加用電需求之際,大型用電戶用電能不能變得更有彈性?
Google、NVIDIA與Emerald AI共同推出「AI能源管理聯盟」(AEMA),聚焦AI資料中心用電彈性,探討大型用電戶如何透過負載移轉與需求反應協助紓解電網壓力。
AI-generated summary
Google、NVIDIA與Emerald AI於9月16日成立AI能源管理聯盟,聚焦資料中心用電彈性。
◎ 林仁斌
AI資料中心快速增加用電需求之際,真正值得注意的問題,不只是「還要增加多少發電」,還包括「大型用電戶能不能自己變得更有彈性」。
AI資料中心快速增加用電需求之際,大型用電戶用電能不能變得更有彈性?圖為大同AI模組化資料中心。
美國正在把另一種思路付諸實踐。9月16日,Google、NVIDIA與Emerald AI共同推出「AI能源管理聯盟」(AEMA),把焦點放在AI資料中心的用電彈性:除了增加發電與擴建電網,也讓資料中心在電網吃緊時主動調整用電。
概念其實很簡單。AI既然是巨大的用電戶,就不能只把自己當成「負載」,也可以成為「電網資源」。例如把AI訓練、批次運算等非即時工作移到其他時間;尖峰時由電池支應部分需求;或透過現地、共址電源降低對公共電網的即時依賴。真正重要的不是資料中心採用哪一種技術,而是能不能以可量測、可驗證的方式,提供電網需要的彈性。
這不是單純的概念。Duke大學研究指出,在美國22個主要電力平衡區、涵蓋約95%美國負載的範圍內,在新增大型負載具備有限、短時間削減彈性的條件下,現有系統可能額外容納約76至126 GW的新負載。研究重點並不是要求資料中心長時間停機,而是在電網最吃緊的少數時段,進行有限度的削減或移轉。
Google、NVIDIA與Emerald AI共同推出「AI能源管理聯盟」,把焦點放在AI資料中心的用電彈性。圖為NVIDIA。
真正值得注意的,不是「100 GW」這個數字,而是它改變了我們看待大型負載的方式:大型用電戶不一定只能被供應,也可以被管理。
Google今年3月也宣布,已在與多家美國公用事業的長期能源契約中,整合總計1GW的資料中心需求反應能力,透過移轉或限制部分機器學習工作負載,在電網尖峰時降低需求。這表示AI負載參與需求反應,已開始從研究概念進入實際商業契約。
這對台灣尤其值得參考。台電今年與美國電力研究院(EPRI)交流時,也討論AI資料中心電力供需匹配的「Power Couple—AI與電源共址」概念。如果說Power Couple處理的是「在哪裡用電」,那麼AI負載彈性處理的就是「什麼時候用多少電」。
問題因此可以更具體:未來大型資料中心申請併網時,除了說明「需要多少電」,是否也應說明「可以提供多少彈性」?哪些工作負載可以移轉?尖峰時最多能降低多少?多久可以反應、維持多久?這些承諾能不能被電網驗證?
如果大型資料中心願意在電網尖峰時段降低部分負載,能否因此取得更有效率的併網安排?如果承諾沒有做到,又是否應有相應的責任與成本機制?這才是AI能源治理真正值得討論的下一步。AEMA目前倡議的方向之一,也是讓具有可驗證彈性的資料中心取得更有效率的併網路徑。
因為如果所有新增的AI用電需求與配套成本,都由電廠、輸電線路、變電所與一般用戶共同承擔,那麼AI的成長成本就可能部分轉嫁給整個電力系統。
反過來,如果資料中心能透過運算移轉、儲能、現地電源與需求反應,在電網吃緊時主動降低負載,它就不再只是「等電來」的用電戶,而可以成為電力系統的一部分。
如果資料中心能透過運算移轉、儲能,在電網吃緊時主動降低負載,它可以成為電力系統的一部分。圖為龍崎超高壓變電所。
AI時代的能源治理,當然需要增加發電、擴建電網;但不能只會增加供給,卻沒有要求大型用電戶提高彈性。真正成熟的AI能源政策,應該讓資料中心回答另一個問題:當電網最需要彈性的時候,你能提供多少、多久,而且能不能被驗證?
AI資料中心真正需要的,不只是更多的電,而是一套讓「用多少電、什麼時候用、電網最需要時能不能少用」都必須說清楚、算清楚、驗證清楚的制度。
(作者為台灣永續治理論壇發起人、文化大學副教授)

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