
报告指出欧洲制造业下滑症结在于自身成本与转型滞后,呼吁中欧合作而非筑墙
德国联邦经济部经济顾问委员会发布报告,反驳“中国冲击”论调,指出欧洲制造业疲软主因是自身成本与转型滞后。多位欧洲政商界人士亦呼吁通过合作而非贸易保护主义来提升竞争力,强调中欧经贸深度共生。
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欧盟近期酝酿对华贸易限制措施,引发欧洲内部关于“中国冲击”的讨论。德国联邦经济部经济顾问委员会发布报告,分析欧洲制造业下滑的深层原因。
最近一段时间,多家欧洲媒体和智库集中讨论所谓“中国冲击”对欧洲的影响,欧盟甚至出现酝酿新一轮对华贸易限制措施的苗头。但欧洲内部,也不乏理性声音——德国联邦经济部经济顾问委员会日前发布贸易政策评估报告,以翔实经济数据与产业调研为依据,对当前欧洲内部的对华恐慌论调形成有力反驳。
报告将所谓“中国冲击”解读为汽车、机械制造等行业进入“竞争新阶段”,并明确提出捍卫开放市场原则:不应把经济安全等同于闭关自守,各国应聚焦自身比较优势。对于德国工业自2018年以来的明显下滑,报告一针见血地指出:主要症结在于区位因素与成本负担。
该报告被德国《明镜》周刊评价为对当下盛行论调提出“不同看法”,在欧洲内部“踩了一脚刹车”。如同治病先让别人吃药一样,不少欧洲人,习惯将自身制造业疲软、贸易逆差归咎于中国,动不动就将关税壁垒当作解决产业问题的药方。相比起来,这份报告倒是讲了句大实话:制造业外迁、创新迭代放缓、产业成本高企、转型节奏滞后,这些才是欧洲自身竞争力下滑的症结。报告警告,欧盟针对中国电动汽车等产品发起的反倾销、反补贴调查,不能滑向贸易保护主义。长期来看,贸易保护主义终将损害出口型经济。
这种理性声音并非孤例。西门子首席执行官博乐仁公开反对欧盟对中国加征全面关税;斯洛伐克总理菲佐会见欧洲理事会主席科斯塔时直言,竞争力不是靠加关税、筑壁垒,更不能把中国当作敌人;西班牙首相桑切斯日前在纽约出席联合国大会期间表示,欧洲需要与中国合作应对共同挑战、管控分歧,欧盟应力求通过谈判达成协议,而非被拖入破坏性争端。从智库到企业界,从成员国政府到市场层面,反对筑墙、主张合作的声音正在持续积聚。
说到底,破解欧洲经济承压的根本出路,在于自我改革而非对外筑壁垒。面对中国机电、新能源产品竞争力提升,只是制造焦虑和恐慌,给本土产业“撑腰”,实际上是饮鸩止渴、透支未来。哪怕是强调“中国冲击”的那些欧洲人也提到,靠关税筑起贸易高墙,只会掩盖自身改革短板,抬高本土企业生产成本、抑制创新活力,最终买单的还是欧洲。
中欧经贸早已深度共生。双方经济总量合计超过全球1/3,双边贸易额从建交初期的24亿美元增长至2025年的8281亿美元,双向投资存量超2800亿美元。除了深度融合的产业链,双方在人工智能、碳减排、气候治理等新领域仍有广阔合作空间。
提升竞争力,落下的功课终究要补上,更关键的是欧洲要树立正确的对华认知。与其耗费心思设防围堵,不如广泛开展创新合作,中欧共同利益的蛋糕还能做得更大。

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