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Back外媒:中國不必擊敗台積電 靠成熟製程即可削弱台灣「矽盾」
外媒:中國不必擊敗台積電 靠成熟製程即可削弱台灣「矽盾」
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自由时报1 hour agoBusiness5 min readChinaView translation

外媒:中國不必擊敗台積電 靠成熟製程即可削弱台灣「矽盾」

隨著中國大舉投資半導體並衝刺成熟製程,外媒指出,中國若能不再依賴台灣先進晶片,台灣引以為傲的「矽盾」恐將面臨失效風險。

Quick Look

外媒指出,中國透過大量補貼與擴產衝刺28奈米等成熟製程,若能讓自身不再依賴台灣晶片,即使無法追上台積電的先進製程,也可能削弱台灣「矽盾」的戰略保障地位。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

台灣生產全球90%以上7奈米以下先進晶片,形成保護台灣的「矽盾」概念。

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台灣長期被視為全球半導體供應鏈的核心,台積電掌握大量先進製程產能,也讓外界形成「矽盾」概念,成為台灣面對地緣政治風險的戰略保障。然而,外媒指出,隨著美中科技競爭升溫、中國大舉投資半導體,以及各國積極降低對單一供應來源的依賴,這面「矽盾」也可能面臨失效。北京其實不需要擊敗台積電,能讓「矽盾」失去作用。它只需要讓自己的經濟體不再依賴台灣的先進晶片,就可能削弱這面盾牌。

美國政治外交雜誌《國家利益》首先指出,台灣目前生產全球90%以上的7奈米以下晶片,這些先進晶片廣泛應用於人工智慧(AI)、智慧型手機等產品。如果台灣主要晶圓廠因自然災害或地緣政治衝突長時間停擺,影響恐怕不只限於科技產業,也可能擴大至汽車、消費電子與全球金融市場。若台灣晶圓廠停工30天,全球可能面臨高達10.6兆美元的經濟損失。

正因如此,美國、歐洲、日本與韓國近年紛紛投入大量資金,希望建立自己的半導體製造能力,包括美國《晶片法案》、歐盟《晶片法案》以及日本、南韓的相關補貼政策。不過,各國雖然希望降低對台灣的依賴,卻可能只是把依賴轉移到其他關鍵供應商。先進半導體製造仍需要荷蘭ASML的極紫外光(EUV)設備、日本的化學材料,以及美國的設計與軟體技術,全球供應鏈依舊高度集中。

在這場半導體競爭中,中國的崛起更可能改變原本的格局。過去西方國家逐漸將高成本、低利潤的晶片製造移往亞洲,同時保留設計與研發優勢;中國則將半導體製造視為戰略基礎設施,透過政府補貼、稅務優惠與大規模投資,持續擴張國內產能。

尤其在美國加強先進晶片出口管制後,中國反而進一步投入自主生產與研發。雖然中國目前在最先進製程方面仍與台積電存在明顯差距,但成熟製程的成長速度相當快。預計到2030年,中國可能成為全球最大的成熟製程晶片製造國。其中,以28奈米等成熟製程來看,中國預計將超越美國與台灣,掌握全球超過30%的產能。

報導指,關鍵就在於,中國其實不需要製造出2奈米晶片,就能削弱台灣的「矽盾」。汽車, 家電與大量消費產品使用的並非最先進晶片,而是28奈米等成熟製程晶片。如果中國能大量生產性能夠用、價格具競爭力的成熟製程晶片,並用國內產能滿足自身需求,即使仍無法追上台積電,也能降低對台灣半導體的依賴。

這可能成為「矽盾」未來最大的考驗。過去的邏輯是,中國需要台灣晶片,西方國家也需要台灣的製造能力,因此台灣在全球供應鏈中的重要性形成戰略保障。但如果中國逐漸建立完整的成熟製程供應體系,這種相互依賴關係就可能發生改變。

未來全球半導體市場可能逐漸形成兩套體系,一套由中國生產性能「夠用」的成熟製程晶片,另一套則由美國、台灣、日本、南韓與歐洲維持尖端技術,但成本也可能更加昂貴。各國投入巨額資金追求半導體自主,未必讓晶片變得更便宜,反而可能推高生產成本。

對台灣而言,真正的挑戰或許不是中國何時能製造出2奈米晶片,而是中國能否先在28奈米等成熟製程建立足夠強大的自主供應鏈。當中國逐漸不再需要台灣的部分晶片時,「矽盾」所依賴的相互依賴關係也可能開始鬆動。

換句話說,中國不必擊敗台積電,甚至不必追上最先進製程,只要能讓自己「不再需要台灣」,這面原本被視為保護台灣的「矽盾」,就可能逐漸失去原有的力量。

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 中國到2030年將成為全球最大成熟製程晶片製造國。

    Likely · Within months

Open Questions

  • 中國2030年能否順利主導成熟製程市場?
  • 各國降低對台依賴的實際成效為何?

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