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Back人工智能冲击下中国应届毕业生求职艰难
人工智能冲击下中国应届毕业生求职艰难
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纽约时报中文网1 hour agoBusiness3 min readChinaView translation

人工智能冲击下中国应届毕业生求职艰难

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随着人工智能在各行业的快速渗透,中国应届毕业生面临就业市场饱和和岗位被自动化取代的双重挑战。尽管政府出台就业支持政策,但青年失业率仍居高不下,许多毕业生即使投递数千份简历也难以获得面试机会,反映出结构性就业矛盾的加剧。

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Why It Matters

中国应届毕业生人数持续增长,今年预计达1270万,而就业市场岗位供给不足,青年失业率居高不下。人工智能的快速普及正在加剧传统岗位被取代的趋势,尤其是在初级白领岗位。

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距离硕士毕业还有几个月,学习城市规划专业的金尚宇(音)正眼睁睁地看着人工智能颠覆她试图进入的行业。

招聘网站上充斥着需要人工智能专长的职位,而传统岗位的招聘信息似乎正在减少。设计项目前期阶段的大量工作过去需要好几个人完成,现在点几下鼠标就能搞定。

26岁的金女士来自中国北方,自香港大学毕业后,已在香港和内地申请了约150个实习和初级职位,但均石沉大海。她花400美元上了一门人工智能专业课程,希望能在求职市场中脱颖而出,但这似乎没什么用。她心想,这也不奇怪:如果连经验丰富的从业者都被人工智能抢了饭碗,那刚想入行的新人还有什么机会?

“我的感觉是,我们这些应届毕业生正是人工智能要取代的那类人,”她说。谈到规划未来时,她说:“我真的不知道该如何开始,因为我看不到希望。”

据估计,今年将有1270万应届毕业生加入中国的劳动力大军,这是多年来持续增长的毕业生群体中人数最多的一次。他们正面临两个相互关联且难以解决的挑战。和往届毕业生一样,他们进入的是一个饱和的就业市场,在经济疲软的环境下争夺日益减少的初级职位。但他们还面临一个新障碍:人工智能带来的额外不确定性。人工智能正开始重构行业格局,改变招聘方的优先考量。

这是一个全球性问题。世界各地的大学毕业生都在应对初级职位可能直接消失的前景。但在中国,这种担忧尤为紧迫。在政府支持和广泛的公众热情推动下,中国以前所未有的速度引入人工智能,而与此同时青年失业率始终居高不下。

今年7月,16至24岁城镇居民的失业率为17.9%。优质的高薪毕业生岗位供给未能跟上激增的大学入学人数。

“人工智能在一个特别困难的时刻到来,尽管它并非造成根本问题的根源,”新西兰惠灵顿维多利亚大学高级讲师克里斯蒂安·姚说道,他一直在研究中国年轻人如何在就业市场中寻找出路。

失业与不满

对中国领导人而言,其政治权威的很大一部分长期来源于对繁荣的承诺,青年失业率高企可能成为政治动荡的源头。

卡内基国际和平基金会中国人工智能项目研究员兼联席主任斯科特·辛格表示,人工智能可能对青年失业率产生的任何负面影响,无论多么微小,都对执政党极为敏感。更广泛地说,“中国极其关注人工智能对劳动力市场的影响。这可能是他们目前在人工智能方面最关心的问题。”

出于对人工智能革命可能带来的人员和政治后果的警惕,北京正在向企业施压以避免裁员。通过几项法院裁决,政府已表明不愿接受以人工智能节省成本作为裁员的理由。

今年1月,政府宣布了“重点行业针对性就业支持”,一些党内官员则提出了更全面的干预措施,如鼓励雇主提供职业培训,帮助工人适应以人工智能为核心的就业市场。

专家表示,迄今为止,人工智能和自动化的影响在制造业和外卖配送这两个中国最大的就业类别中感受最为强烈。对白领岗位的影响才刚刚开始显现。

在采访中,年轻求职者描述了在因人工智能而快速变化的就业环境中努力寻找立足之地的经历。他们谈到了焦虑、不确定,以及在求职拖延日久时产生的绝望。他们唯一的安慰是:似乎所有人都在一起挣扎。

“我的精神已经被消磨殆尽,”广播电视专业硕士毕业生周津妮亚(音)说。

周女士在过去一年中提交了超过2800份求职申请。她说,这仅带来了不到20次面试机会,至今零录取。她过去会仔细筛选招聘信息,只申请符合自己技能的岗位——现在她什么都投。现在就算拿到面试,她也不再抱什么希望了。

周女士说,她注意到越来越多关于制作人工智能生成剧集和节目的职位空缺。她说,大学里学的知识对她适应人工智能带来的就业市场变化几乎没什么帮助。而且,至少在她求职的杭州,雇主似乎只对具有丰富经验的候选人感兴趣。

“申请者太多了,他们想要的是能马上上手的人,”她说。“他们没兴趣培训你。”

学历内卷

维多利亚大学的姚老师表示,尽管人工智能确实创造了一些就业机会,但主要集中在少数已掌握该技术的求职者群体中。同时,行政、研究、基础分析和编程等初级白领岗位更容易被自动化取代。

“中国尤其容易受到冲击,因为其初级专业人才市场本就竞争激烈,”他补充道。一场资质军备竞赛正在出现,他说,“我们现在看到相对初级的职位也要求硕士甚至博士学位。”

对一些应届毕业生来说,即使是高学历也不再够用。管理学硕士毕业生王露娜(音)在香港和中国内地申请了近200个项目管理、产品管理和采购规划等领域的职位,但收效甚微。

不过,25岁的王女士对人工智能影响其职业前景的态度相对乐观。她说,她不认为这项技术会对她产生重大影响,因为她申请的岗位不容易被自动化,因为它们需要谈判和面对面交流。

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 政府将进一步加大对高校毕业生就业支持力度,可能包括税收优惠、社保补贴或公共岗位扩张。

    Likely · Within months

  • 高校将逐步增加人工智能相关课程和实践项目,以提升学生适应新就业市场的能力。

    Likely · Within months

Open Questions

  • 政府提出的职业培训和就业支持措施在多大程度上能有效缓解毕业生就业压力?
  • 人工智能在不同行业替代人力的速度和规模究竟如何?
  • 高校教育是否需要改革以更好地适应人工智能时代的就业需求?

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This article was originally published by 纽约时报中文网.

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