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Back地緣政治與關稅壓力:印度安得拉邦蝦產業面臨生存挑戰
地緣政治與關稅壓力:印度安得拉邦蝦產業面臨生存挑戰
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自由时报1 hour agoBusiness4 min readChinaView translation

地緣政治與關稅壓力:印度安得拉邦蝦產業面臨生存挑戰

美國貿易政策變動與養殖成本上升,導致印度蝦產業出口受阻及農戶生計壓力

Quick Look

印度安得拉邦蝦產業受美國關稅政策、飼料價格上漲及市場競爭影響,出口遭受重創。儘管關稅負擔曾一度緩解,但美國商務部近期再次課徵反傾銷稅,加上地緣政治不確定性,使當地數十萬養殖戶面臨嚴峻生存壓力。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

安得拉邦是印度主要的蝦類出口基地,該產業長期依賴美國市場,但近期受地緣政治與貿易政策影響極大。

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印度是世界第二大蝦類生產國,僅次於厄瓜多。然而,美國關稅政策一波未平一波又起,印度安得拉邦(Andhra Pradesh)的蝦產業才剛從上一輪關稅衝擊中喘過氣,如今又可能面臨新的貿易風暴。安得拉邦是印度重要的蝦出口基地,當地數十萬名養殖戶與數百萬名相關從業人口仰賴這項產業維生;但過去一年,從美國關稅、俄羅斯石油爭議,到蝦類疾病與飼料漲價,接連而來的衝擊已讓印度蝦農陷入前所未有的壓力。

據印度媒體報導,直指地緣政治扼殺安得拉蝦。美國眾議院日前通過與制裁俄羅斯有關的法案,將對採購俄國石油、天然氣的國家徵收高達100%的關稅,印度、中國等大量購買俄國燃料的國家恐將面臨巨大衝擊。

報導指出,雖然這並不代表美國已經對印度商品課徵100%關稅。相關法案即使成為法律,也只是賦予美國總統採取行動的權力,並非印度商品自動面臨100%關稅。然而,對剛經歷重大出口危機的安得拉邦蝦產業而言,任何美國市場的進一步限制,都可能再次掀起巨大衝擊。

真正讓安得拉邦擔心的,是他們已經吃過一次苦頭。2025年,美國先對印度商品課徵25%關稅,之後又因印度購買俄羅斯石油加徵25%關稅,加上現有的反補貼稅與反傾銷稅,印度蝦的實際關稅負擔高達約59.72%。過去,印度是美國最大的冷凍蝦供應國,而美國也是印度最大的市場,印度蝦50至60%出口到美國。

安得拉邦政府估計,截至2025年9月,美國關稅已造成當地蝦出口產業約2500億盧比損失,約50%出口訂單遭取消,約2000個貨櫃面臨近600億盧比的關稅負擔。

關稅衝擊也一路傳導到養殖戶。出口商為降低成本,壓低向養殖戶收購蝦的價格,2025年8月已下跌近20%,但貸款、飼料與電力等成本並未同步下降,部分養殖戶甚至考慮停止養蝦。

到了2026年2月,情況才出現一絲轉機。美印貿易框架將印度商品的廣泛對等關稅降至18%,並取消此前因印度購買俄羅斯石油而加徵的25%關稅,讓印度蝦業暫時鬆了一口氣。然而,市場並沒有立即恢復,因為印度出口受阻期間,主要競爭對手厄瓜多已搶走部分美國市場。當時印度出口商表示,美國市場自2025年10月以來幾乎沒有新訂單,重新建立客戶與市占需要時間。

出口市場尚未完全回暖,養殖成本又開始上升。2026年6月,蝦飼料每公斤漲價12至16盧比,而飼料約占養殖成本一半,安得拉邦政府介入後要求每公斤降價4盧比,最高零售價由112盧比降至108盧比。

目前安得拉邦約有21.6萬名水產養殖戶,養殖面積達57.9萬英畝。印度政府正積極拓展中國、日本、歐洲與澳洲等市場,以降低對美國的依賴,但美國仍是重要出口市場;美國商務部9月4日也對印度冷凍暖水蝦課徵4.04%至7.01%的反傾銷稅。

9月美國國會的動向,目前不能直接解讀為「印度蝦將面臨100%關稅」,真正關鍵在於美國政府未來是否會動用相關授權。對安得拉邦而言,關稅、疾病、飼料成本與市場價格接連施壓,如何分散出口市場,已成為產業能否撐過下一波衝擊的關鍵。

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 印度政府將持續推動出口市場多元化以減少對美依賴。

    Likely · Within months

Open Questions

  • 美國政府是否會正式對印度實施100%關稅?
  • 印度拓展新市場的進度如何?

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