
中国气候专家李政在安塔利亚COP31期间接受专访,剖析全球气候治理落实阶段的挑战与路径。
第31届联合国气候变化大会在土耳其举行。清华大学李政指出,全球气候治理正从“立规”转向“落实”,面临雄心与实施差距、资金到位难、单边主义干扰三重困难,并强调需加快减排节奏与能源系统转型。
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COP31正在土耳其安塔利亚举行,全球气候治理重心已从制定规则转向落实既有承诺。
中新社安塔利亚11月13日电 题:清华大学李政:COP31从“立规”到“落实”面临三重困难
中新社记者 陈溯
第31届联合国气候变化大会(COP31)正在土耳其安塔利亚举行。其间,中国国家气候变化专家委员会委员、清华大学气候变化与可持续发展研究院院长李政接受中新社记者专访时表示,COP正从“立规”转向“落实”,关键是把承诺变成行动,“落实”面临三重困难。
在李政看来,自《巴黎协定》以来,全球气候治理正从“定目标、建规则”转向“把既有承诺变成行动”。“落实”绝不只是一句口号,而要沿着“目标—政策与制度—行动路线图—可执行的行动”逐级落地。
“没有政策和制度支撑,目标就是空中楼阁。”李政表示,“落实”面临三重困难:一是雄心与实施的差距,据联合国环境规划署报告,各国NDC(国家自主贡献)路径仍指向21世纪末约2.8℃的升温,全球排放须最迟2030年前较2019年下降约43%;第二是资金到位难,NCQG(气候资金集体量化目标)有了数额,但资金机制、可获性、问责与债务可持续性都不清晰,发达国家出资信誉面临质疑。第三是单边主义、保护主义抬头,对集体努力形成干扰,叠加地缘冲突推高能源安全风险,一些国家的气候政策出现摇摆。
1.5℃温控目标(《巴黎协定》设定的关键温控目标,即努力将全球平均气温升幅控制在工业化前水平以上1.5℃之内)即将突破,有评论认为这意味着目标失败。李政表示,不能简单说是“失败”,更准确的是路径需要校准、节奏必须加快。受排放存量和惯性影响,全球很可能出现短期“超调”,即升温暂时突破1.5℃后再逐步回落。
他进一步说,“目标难以实现的根源,不在于目标本身定得过高,而在于各国行动力度不足、落实节奏偏慢——正确方向不是质疑既有目标,而是切实加大行动力度。”减排重心应从“达峰”转向“深度下降”;以能源系统转型为主战场,用电气化叠加可再生能源替代烧煤烧油;减缓与适应并重,资金与技术转移跟上。“目标已经清晰,缺的是与之匹配的行动。”
本届大会东道主土耳其主推“35×35”电气化目标,即到2035年把电力在全球终端能源消费中的占比提升到35%。李政表示,该倡议是主席国行动议程的旗舰项目,是对多边谈判的补充,而非取代“转型脱离化石燃料”的谈判。
“真正会僵持的,不在‘要不要电气化’这一方向上,而在于‘怎么定义、怎么约束、怎么评估、以及它与正式谈判究竟是什么关系’这些机制性问题上。”李政认为,交锋集中在四个层面:定义与口径之争、“绿色电气化”与“一般电气化”之争、自愿倡议与进展评估之争,以及电气化倡议与“转型脱离化石燃料”正式谈判的关系之争。
他认为,实质减排取决于各国政策的交付速度,以及新增电力是否来自清洁电源。“中国的风光装机与新型电力系统建设,事实上与这一方向同频,中国的经验也可以为其他发展中国家提供一个‘转型不缺电’的样本。”
AI outlook — possibilities, not facts
全球气候治理将进一步聚焦于减排政策的深度落实与资金机制的明确化。
Likely · Within months
Affected by the cold air, Ningxia will usher in the first region-wide rain, snow and cooling weather after the beginning of winter from November 14th to 16th. There is heavy snow in some areas, and the temperature will continue to drop by about 6°C. The lowest temperature will drop to -11°C to -6°C on the 18th, accompanied by strong winds and sand and dust.

The Yellow River Delta Wetland in Dongying, Shandong Province has entered the migration season of migratory birds. The "bird wave" landscape formed by the migratory birds of painted-faced ducks attracts a large number of tourists. This phenomenon not only reflects the improvement of the local ecological quality, but also drives the development of catering, cultural and creative industries, and homestays through the bird watching economy. The comprehensive income during the bird watching season exceeds 300 million yuan.
From November 14th to 18th, affected by the relay of two waves of cold air, most areas in China will experience a "cliff-like" drop in temperature, with the freezing line pressing southward to the Huaihe River Basin. There will be heavy snowfall in the Northeast, and temperatures in many places in the north and south will hit record lows in six months. The public needs to pay attention to cold protection and traffic safety.

The Central Meteorological Administration predicts that the weather will turn bad starting tomorrow day, and two waves of fronts will report in conjunction with the northeast monsoon in the next week. The central and southern parts will turn into local brief showers or thunderstorms, and the low temperature in the northern part of the central part will drop to 15 degrees to 17 degrees at night.
The Heilongjiang Provincial Meteorological Observatory released news that it is expected that from the night of November 17 to the night of November 19, there will be heavy snowstorms and local heavy snowstorms in the eastern part of the province. The depth of new local snow accumulation can reach 20 to 30 centimeters, accompanied by strong winds and cooling, which will pose a high risk to traffic and people's livelihood.
At the COP31-related dialogue held in Istanbul, Turkey, Suleiman Kausar, chairman of the Turkish environmental organization Solidarity Association, said that climate change is the biggest threat to realizing the vision of ecological civilization. No country can cope with this global challenge alone, and the international community needs to strengthen collaboration.