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Back深观察 | 从气候雄心到兑现承诺 COP31如何破解落实难题?
深观察 | 从气候雄心到兑现承诺 COP31如何破解落实难题?
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中国新闻网26 minutes agoEnvironment4 min readChinaView translation

深观察 | 从气候雄心到兑现承诺 COP31如何破解落实难题?

土耳其和澳大利亚采用“双主席国”模式,推动全球电气化、清洁能源发展及气候融资等议题

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联合国气候变化框架公约第三十一次缔约方大会(COP31)于11月9日至20日在土耳其安塔利亚召开,来自190多个缔约方的代表围绕能源转型、气候融资和温室气体减排展开磋商。大会采用土耳其和澳大利亚“双主席国”模式,重点推动“35 by 35”全球电气化倡议、清洁能源发展及气候承诺落实,并讨论逐步摆脱化石燃料的实施路径与公正转型问题。

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Why It Matters

自2015年《巴黎协定》达成以来,国际社会围绕全球减排目标和协议实施规则磋商十余年。全球气候治理正进入更加注重实际行动的新阶段,COP31重点推动各国兑现已有气候承诺,将共识转化为具体成果。

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当地时间11月9日,《联合国气候变化框架公约》第三十一次缔约方大会(COP31)将在土耳其安塔利亚开幕。大会将持续至11月20日,来自190多个缔约方的代表将围绕能源转型、气候融资、温室气体减排等议题展开磋商。

本届大会召开之际,战争、能源危机和经济压力交织,全球极端天气灾害频发,应对气候变化的形势愈发紧迫。面对重重挑战,COP31将重点放在“落实”上,着力推动各国把已经作出的气候承诺转化为实际行动。

与往届相比,COP31有哪些新举措?面对现实困难,全球气候行动又能取得哪些实质性进展?

01

双主席国分工推动落实

全球电气化提新目标

今年COP31采用“双主席国”模式,由土耳其和澳大利亚共同开展工作。土耳其担任大会主席国,负责推动气候行动议程;澳大利亚担任谈判主席,主持各国正式谈判。

英国《卫报》指出,澳大利亚将重点推进气候融资、公正转型及减排承诺落实等谈判,土耳其则着力推动清洁能源、粮食安全、循环经济等领域的具体行动。

其中,备受关注的是“35 by 35”全球电气化倡议。

土耳其提出,到2035年,将电力在全球终端能源消费中的占比从目前略高于20%提高至35%,推动交通、工业、供暖等领域更多使用电力,减少对化石燃料的依赖。

电气化不仅有助于减少碳排放,还能提高能源利用效率。《卫报》援引英国牛津大学教授扬·罗泽诺的估算指出,如果全球广泛采用电气化技术,满足同等需求所消耗的能源总量有望减少约一半。

不过,扩大电力使用的同时,还需要确保电力来源更加清洁。彭博社指出,一些国家希望进一步明确,电气化目标应主要通过零排放电力实现。

各国能否就这一倡议达成广泛共识,将是本届大会的重要看点。

02

清洁能源发展提速

如何让更多国家受益?

近年来,全球清洁能源技术快速发展,为加快能源转型创造了有利条件。

联合国新闻网站报道,2025年全球新增太阳能发电装机容量超过600吉瓦,电池储能装机容量达到2021年的11倍,全球新车销量中,电动汽车占比已达四分之一。

《卫报》指出,清洁能源正在改变越来越多国家的能源结构。非洲太阳能市场开始加速发展,巴基斯坦兴起由普通消费者推动的屋顶光伏热潮,太阳能发电量已相当于该国用电量的约四分之一。在越南及部分欧盟成员国,电动汽车已接近新车销量的一半。

联合国秘书长气候行动与公正转型特别顾问塞尔温·哈特表示,尽管全球升温形势严峻,但世界从未像今天这样,拥有如此充分的技术条件来应对气候挑战。

然而,技术进步并不意味着所有国家都能从能源转型中受益。

联合国数据显示,2025年,中国以外的新兴市场和发展中经济体拥有全球近三分之二的人口,却仅获得全球清洁能源投资的18%。非洲仍有约6亿人无法用上电力。

哈特指出,融资成本过高是发展中国家能源转型的重要障碍。即使采用相同技术,一些发展中国家建设可再生能源项目的融资成本,也可能是发达国家的数倍。

资金短缺还影响发展中国家应对气候灾害的能力。联合国环境规划署预计,到2035年,发展中国家每年所需的气候适应资金约为3050亿美元,而2024年流向这些国家的国际公共气候适应资金仅为282亿至317亿美元。

如何降低融资成本、缩小资金缺口,让清洁能源技术惠及更多国家,将是COP31推动气候承诺落实的重要一环。

03

气候承诺如何真正落实?

《金融时报》指出,自2015年《巴黎协定》达成以来,国际社会已围绕全球减排目标和协议实施规则进行了十余年的磋商。如今,全球气候治理进入更加注重实际行动的新阶段。今年COP31的重点,是推动各国兑现已有承诺,将气候共识转化为具体成果。

除了全球电气化,本届大会还将重点讨论逐步摆脱化石燃料的实施路径、气候融资承诺的兑现,以及如何帮助传统能源行业的劳动者和社区实现公平转型。

那么,如何衡量这些承诺是否真正得到落实?

彭博社指出,本届大会将进一步讨论如何运用此前商定的指标,衡量各国适应气候变化的进展,并推动完善公平转型机制,帮助受能源转型影响的劳动者和社区。同时,各国还将为2028年下一轮全球气候行动盘点作准备,评估减排和其他气候行动的实际成效。

澳大利亚气候变化与能源部长、COP31谈判主席克里斯·鲍恩在接受《卫报》采访时强调,本届大会必须取得切实进展,拿出公众能够看到、感受到的实际成果。

尽管国际局势复杂、全球气候治理面临诸多困难,但清洁能源技术的快速进步,也为加快行动提供了新的条件。如何将已有承诺转化为具体政策、资金支持和实际减排成果,将是本届大会的重要任务。

来源 |总台环球资讯

撰稿 | 李修莉

签审 | 贾延宁

监制 | 蔡耀远

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • COP31将就“35 by 35”全球电气化倡议达成初步共识

    Possible · Within weeks

  • 各国将为2028年下一轮全球气候行动盘点作准备

    Very likely · Within months

Open Questions

  • 各国能否就“35 by 35”全球电气化倡议达成广泛共识?
  • 如何降低发展中国家清洁能源项目的融资成本并缩小资金缺口?
  • 逐步摆脱化石燃料的具体实施路径将如何确定?
  • 2028年下一轮全球气候行动盘点将如何评估减排成效?

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This article was originally published by 中国新闻网.

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