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Back沈富雄與趙少康為王偉忠訪問沈伯洋爭論,引發對政治人物依賴「扶持」現象的省思
沈富雄與趙少康為王偉忠訪問沈伯洋爭論,引發對政治人物依賴「扶持」現象的省思
Politics
自由时报2 hours agoPolitics10 min readChinaView translation

沈富雄與趙少康為王偉忠訪問沈伯洋爭論,引發對政治人物依賴「扶持」現象的省思

從資訊科技革命與媒體生態轉變,看政治人物與幕僚機器的依賴關係

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沈富雄與趙少康因王偉忠專訪沈伯洋一事爭論,凸顯資訊科技革命下傳統媒體守門人角色瓦解,以及政治人物過度依賴幕僚與政黨「扶持」的現狀。

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Why It Matters

沈富雄與趙少康因王偉忠訪問沈伯洋一事公開爭論,引發外界對媒體生態與政治人物表現的討論。

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◎ 李忠憲

沈富雄跟趙少康為了王偉忠訪問沈伯洋吵起來,愈看愈覺得有趣。沈富雄說這是一場「不對等的競爭」,王偉忠可能莫名其妙成了沈伯洋的「無辜幫手」;趙少康一聽馬上反對:台北市長候選人就那幾個,做媒體的怎麼可能不請?不能因為人家很會操作就不訪問,不然「那你叫做什麼媒體,你關門算了!」

沈富雄趕快解釋,他不是說不能訪,而是「他來了你要小心」。趙少康的回答更妙:人家會操作,你也可以操作,藍營不操作有什麼辦法?我聽完整段,突然覺得兩個人根本不是在吵王偉忠,而是在吵一個字:「扶」。 沈富雄想的是:你到底會不會「扶」?趙少康想的卻是:到底還要「扶」多久?

李中志教授講到一個很好玩的角色錯亂,趙少康顯然把王偉忠當「媒體咖」:既然做媒體,重要候選人當然都應該請。沈富雄心裡想的可能完全不是這回事:你明明是綜藝咖,現在是在裝什麼媒體咖?當然,沈富雄沒有這樣講,這是他的解讀。

但傳統政治江湖混久了,大家心裡都有一本沒有出版的使用說明書:誰是自己人、誰是敵人,什麼時候該攻、什麼時候該守,什麼球可以餵,什麼球餵出去會打到自己的腳,大概心裡有數。結果一個綜藝咖突然認真做起媒體,把政治人物請來好好聊天,讓人家完整地講,講完以後內容又被帶回網路世界重新剪輯、傳播、繁殖。站在沈富雄的角度,大概很想問:老兄,你知道你剛剛做了什麼嗎?

資訊科技革命以後,綜藝咖跟媒體咖的界線早就不見了。傳播學以前有一個很重要的概念叫gatekeeper,守門人。報社總編輯、記者、電視台、主持人都是守門人,他們決定誰可以進門、什麼事情值得成為新聞;後來又有agenda-setting,議題設定:媒體未必能決定你怎麼想,卻很能影響你今天在想什麼;再加上framing,框架:同樣一件事情,標題怎麼下、照片選哪一張、影片剪哪30秒,最後就可能變成完全不同的故事。

這套東西以前對政治人物非常重要,因為門只有幾扇,把幾個守門人處理好,很多事情就很好辦。換句話說:很好扶。 新聞稿可以扶,幕僚可以扶,黨機器可以扶,友善媒體可以扶,主持人可以扶,最後連剪接師都可以扶。講10句挑最好的1句播,訪問半小時剪成40秒,40秒還不好看,就換一張比較英明神武的照片。扶一下叫同志愛,扶兩下叫團隊精神,一直扶可以叫組織能力;但是如果大家一放手,人馬上倒下來,那就要開始懷疑:我們到底是在選主帥,還是在做復健?

資訊科技革命之後,門突然多到守不住。YouTube 是門,Podcast 是門,Facebook、Threads、TikTok、直播都是門。一個綜藝咖坐下來跟政治人物談兩個小時,他就是媒體咖;一個網紅拿手機訪問政治人物,他也是媒體咖;甚至一個路人拍到10秒鐘丟上網,突然幾百萬人看到,他在那一刻也具有媒體功能。所以趙少康那句「不然媒體關門算了」,說中了一個很有意思的問題:現在不是門要不要關,而是已經不知道門在哪裡了。以前守住幾家電視台和報紙,就守住大半個媒體世界;現在你可以防一個王偉忠,但你要怎麼防一萬支手機?

這不是台灣特有的現象。1960年Kennedy跟Nixon的電視辯論,就是上一波媒體革命的經典例子。Nixon 的政治經驗並沒有突然消失,只是電視出現之後,政治人物除了會不會回答問題,還逐漸要考表情、聲音、形象與鏡頭感。媒體一變,政治能力的考試科目就跟著變。

到了社群媒體時代,德國CDU/CSU 的總理候選人Armin Laschet 在 2021 年洪災期間被拍到在嚴肅場合後方發笑,短短幾秒鐘的畫面就在網路大量傳播。背後再大的政黨機器,那幾秒鐘也沒有人扶得了他。1960 年是電視,2021年是社群媒體,2026還多了生成式AI。以前失言最好的朋友叫時間,過幾天大家就忘了;現在AI可以把你5年前講過的話找回來,跟今天的說法排在一起。這時候連時間都不願意扶你了。

所以我其實很能理解沈富雄的焦慮,他熟悉的是一個還可以「扶」的政治世界:知道哪一扇門要守,知道哪個主持人要小心,知道什麼場合不要讓對手太舒服。對手很會打,就不要隨便把刀遞給他。但趙少康看到的則是另一個現實:人家會操作,你也可以操作。問題是,資訊科技革命比趙少康說的還要殘酷。王偉忠不訪,還有別人訪;電視不播,YouTube會播;YouTube沒有,Podcast會談;全部不接受,路人的手機還是會拍。以前政治人物只要應付幾個守門人,現在守門人多到等於沒有守門人。以前可以選擇在哪裡出現,現在政治人物幾乎隨時都可能在媒體裡。

這時候我才真正理解「扶不起的阿斗」這句話。以前總覺得重點是阿斗,現在才發現真正精彩的是前面的那個「扶」字。歷史上的劉禪當然沒有小說寫得那麼簡單,他在位40年,究竟是不是一個「笨蛋」,歷史學者可以慢慢討論;但是「扶不起的阿斗」早就不是歷史判斷,而是一個文化比喻:旁邊的人再厲害,如果被扶的人自己站不穩,最後總有一天要面對大家不能再扶的時候。劉禪前面有諸葛亮,後面還有一整套蜀漢官僚體系,最後蜀漢仍然滅亡,他投降後被封為安樂公,留下「樂不思蜀」這個大家都知道的故事。阿斗的命運真正有意思的地方不是他笨不笨,而是:他真的被扶了很久。

今天如果一個政治人物不能接受長篇訪談,要扶;沒有訪綱,要扶;碰到臨場追問,要扶;遇到論述能力強的人,要扶;跑進不同同溫層,要扶;最後連對手去上一個綜藝咖的節目,自己人都開始緊張:「你怎麼沒有幫忙扶一下?」那事情就真的有趣了。

資訊科技革命最殘酷的政治效果,可能不是讓政治人物變笨,而是讓平庸愈來愈難藏。以前一個平庸的市長,後面站著市府團隊、幕僚、文宣、政黨與友善媒體,一個人的不足可以藏在一群人的能力裡;現在坐進 Podcast 兩個小時,沒有簡報,沒有幕僚遞紙條,最後留下來的就是自己的知識、判斷、反應和語言。幕僚可以替你寫答案,不能把腦袋借給你;政黨可以替你搭舞台,不能替你站在台上。

沈富雄問的是:怎麼扶?趙少康回答的是:人家會操作,你也可以操作。資訊科技革命問的卻是第三個、更難回答的問題:你們到底準備扶到什麼時候?

從電視、社群媒體到今天的AI,每一次媒體革命,都讓政治人物多考幾科,也讓「扶」變得更困難。想到這裡,我反而覺得阿斗很適合拿來形容這個時代:諸葛亮可以替阿斗治國,但不能替阿斗上Podcast;幕僚可以替主帥準備100題,但不能替主帥長一個腦袋;政黨可以扶一個人走很遠,但不能永遠扶著他走。

阿斗至少被扶了40年,最後還有一個安樂公可以當。現代民主政治裡,如果有一天大家真的把手放開,才會知道:

我們這些年扶著的,到底是一個主帥,還是一個阿斗?

如果你想往高處走,就用自己的雙腿!不要讓別人把你抬上去,不要坐在別人的背上和頭上。~《查拉圖斯特拉如是說》尼采

(作者為資安學者,本文僅代表作者個人意見,與任教單位無關。)

Open Questions

  • 政治人物未來如何適應無守門人的自媒體時代?
  • 政黨與幕僚機器能否調整對政治人物的協助方式?

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