
駐日美軍近期在沖繩涉及犯罪事件,再度引發當地反美軍情緒,為日本政府推動的「西南防衛」政策及區域安全合作增添不確定性。
日本沖繩那霸市10月發生美軍搶劫殺人案,隨後又傳酒駕被捕事件,引發反美軍情緒。這可能對新任沖繩知事古謝玄太與首相高市早苗推動的西南防衛政策及區域安全帶來阻力。
AI-generated summary
沖繩長期承受大量美軍基地負擔,歷史上經歷過琉球處分與沖繩戰役。1995年的性侵事件等美軍犯罪也曾引發大規模抗議。
◎ 許東爀
日本沖繩縣那霸市10月3日發生一起涉及駐日美軍士兵的搶劫殺人案。事件發生後,駐沖繩美軍宣布,自10月9日起實施為期30天的管制措施,禁止官兵於凌晨零時至5時外出及飲酒,但同月31日又有一名美軍士兵因涉嫌酒駕遭日本警方逮捕,再度引發外界對美軍紀律的質疑。
日本沖繩縣那霸市10月3日發生一起涉及駐日美軍士兵的搶劫殺人案。民眾10月5日聚集在東京首相官邸前拉布條抗議。(法新社檔案照) 9月13日舉行的沖繩縣知事選舉中,自民黨支持的古謝玄太(42歲),擊敗自2018年起擔任知事的玉城丹尼(66歲)。玉城雖有美軍父親,卻長期批評駐沖繩美軍政策,並獲得跨黨派聯盟「全沖繩」(All Okinawa)支持。
古謝當選原本被視為有利於高市早苗首相推動「西南防衛」政策,但美軍犯罪問題長期困擾沖繩,近期接連發生的事件,可能為日本政府的安全保障政策增添阻力。
高市於2025年11月在國會表示,「台灣有事」可能構成日本的「存立危機事態」。今年2月,自民黨在眾議院選舉中大獲全勝。在台灣11月地方選舉逐漸受到關注之際,若鄰近台灣的沖繩再度掀起反美軍情緒,也可能為區域安全合作帶來不確定性。
沖繩居民對日本本土及美國的複雜感情,有其歷史背景。沖繩曾是琉球王國的核心地區,日本於1872年將其改設為琉球藩,1879年正式設置沖繩縣,這一過程被稱為「琉球處分」。1945年沖繩戰役期間,大量平民喪生,部分居民更在日軍壓力下被迫集體自殺,留下「沖繩被日本本土犧牲」的歷史記憶。
日本高市早苗政府支持的候選人古謝玄太(前排中)於9月13日在沖繩縣知事選舉中勝出。(法新社檔案照)戰後沖繩長期處於美國施政權之下,直到1972年才回歸日本。如今,日本約70%專用設施面積仍集中於沖繩,基地占沖繩本島面積約15%,使部分居民認為基地負擔分配不公。不過,沖繩深受美國文化影響,部分居民與美國人及美軍家庭關係友好,反對基地並不必然等於反美。
美軍也在軍事部署上將沖繩與日本本土區分。筆者與駐日美軍人員交談時發現,他們介紹基地時往往將兩者分開說明。這可能與沖繩長期受美軍統治、當地龐大的軍事設施,以及美軍與地方社會的密切聯繫有關。
根據《美日地位協定》,符合條件的美軍人員可免於一般入境審查,刑事案件的管轄及羈押程序亦有特殊安排;這些規定適用於日本全國。
1995年,三名美軍人員綁架並性侵一名12歲少女,引發約8萬5千人參加抗議集會。日美兩國隨後於1996年同意歸還普天間飛行場,1999年確定以名護市邊野古作為移設地點。然而,反對者認為,將基地遷往沖繩另一處,並未真正減輕當地負擔。
2014年,反對邊野古移設的「全沖繩」聯盟橫掃知事選及眾議院沖繩四個小選區,此後持續掌握知事職位,直到2026年。另,2019年縣民投票中,約72%的有效票反對邊野古填海造地。
不過,自2018年起,部分經濟界人士因不滿聯盟的決策方式,以及社民黨、日本共產黨等革新政黨日益鮮明的影響力,而逐漸與聯盟保持距離;2023年玉城訪問中國,也受到保守派批評。今年2月,自民黨包辦沖繩四個眾議院小選區,9月再奪回知事職位。
日本沖繩縣前任知事玉城丹尼,在2023年訪問中國,受到保守派批評。。(美聯社檔案照)另一方面,受反基地運動等因素影響,普天間基地至今仍未完成遷移。此外,今年3月,一艘載有來自京都、參與邊野古和平學習活動高中生的船隻翻覆,造成一名學生及一名船長死亡,引發外界對反基地運動安全管理的質疑。不過,事故是否改變縣民對基地移設本身的立場,仍難以斷定。
古謝當選後,沖繩與中央政府在基地政策上的分歧原本可能縮小,但10月的美軍涉案事件再度引發抗議。日本防衛大臣小泉進次郎11月2日表示,已要求美方徹底執行外出限制。
在沖繩政治版圖轉變之際,長期存在的美軍犯罪及基地負擔問題,是否將再度成為日本推動西南防衛政策的阻力,並進一步成為影響台灣安全局勢的變數,仍值得持續觀察。
受反基地運動等因素影響,普天間基地至今仍未完成遷移。(美聯社檔案照) (作者為自由撰稿人)
AI outlook — possibilities, not facts
防衛大臣要求美方徹底執行外出限制後,美軍將加強內部紀律管束。
Likely · Within weeks

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