
德國經濟長期依賴中國市場,過去常阻礙歐盟對華強硬政策。但隨著中國傾銷廉價商品威脅德國產業,德國政策轉變。南德意志報評論指出,北京長期以『胡蘿蔔加大棒』分而治之策略針對成員國,德國雖擔心報復,但正與法國推動新機制以減少個別國家對歐盟決策的影響力,旨在削弱北京的分化策略。
AI-generated summary
德國經濟高度依賴中國市場,過去在歐盟制定對華政策時常扮演阻礙角色。近年中國向歐洲傾銷廉價產品,德國汽車等產業面臨生存危機,促使其政策轉變。北京長期以『胡蘿蔔加大棒』策略對個別成員國施壓或拉攏,以削弱歐盟決策能力。
由於德國經濟高度依賴中國市場,過去歐盟只要準備制定對中國強硬政策時,德國經常扮演「剎車片」的角色。但隨著中國大舉向歐洲傾銷廉價產品,德國的汽車製造等產業面臨生存危機,德國的對中國政策如今已發生變化。
《南德意志報》近日發表題為「德國意識到了自身的問題」評論指出,歐盟的脆弱環節是什麼?北京當局一向對此非常清楚:脆弱環節不是布魯塞爾,而是各成員國的首都。也正因為如此,過去幾年來,北京當局的胡蘿蔔加大棒政策,從來都會刻意繞過布魯塞爾,而是對個別成員國實施拉攏或施壓的「分而治之」政策。
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例如,在匈牙利,中國企業投資數十億歐元興建工廠,而匈牙利前總理奧班治下的布達佩斯政府,會屢屢阻撓歐盟發表強硬的對中聲明。2021年,與立陶宛就台灣地位問題發生爭執後,中國立即將立陶宛從海關系統中除名,一夜之間,任何立陶宛產品就無法再向中國出口。
德國也一再成為北京「分而治之」政策的目標。今年7月,中國商務部長王文濤會晤德國經濟部長萊歇(Katherina Reiche)時表示,中方希望德國在歐盟內部發揮積極作用,推動布魯塞爾採取「理性立場」。北京當局究竟想讓柏林扮演怎樣的角色,由此可見一斑。
德國走的這一步也是事出有因。過去數十年以來,以汽車工業為主的德國公司已經在中國投入了巨額資金。所以德國總是擔心一旦惹惱北京,在中投資和業務就將受到威脅。
也正因為如此,每當歐盟計畫推出對中強硬措施時,德國總是會踩下剎車。從德國的角度來看,這樣做似乎合情合理,歐盟卻要為德國的做法付出高額代價。因為,只要北京當局仍能相信,向個別企業或成員國施壓,就足以束縛布魯塞爾的手腳,那麼,經濟體量龐大的歐盟,就仍然只能充當政治上的侏儒。
知情人士透露,德法兩國正在歐盟內部推動一項新計畫,以便讓歐盟能夠在受到經濟脅迫時,及時啟動嚴厲的反制措施。該計畫將明顯減少個別成員國對布魯塞爾決策的影響力。
評論指出,德國採取的這個新措施,並不能保護本國工業免受中國報復。如果北京當局對歐盟依照新規而推出的反制措施實施報復,德國企業仍將首當其衝。畢竟德國工業的供應鏈與中國密切交織,德國在中國又擁有龐大的經濟利益。一些企業已經開始囤積稀土,以便為可能發生的歐中衝突提前做好準備。
但從長遠角度來看,德國的做法將有效削弱北京最有力的武器:對歐盟分而治之。這也正是歐盟所急需的。
AI outlook — possibilities, not facts
歐盟將在受到經濟脅迫時啟動嚴厲反制措施
Likely · Within months
德國企業將繼續囤積稀土等戰略物資
Possible · Within months

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