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Back跟着学者逛故宫:宫中赏月,那些你不知道的细节
跟着学者逛故宫:宫中赏月,那些你不知道的细节
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中国新闻网1 hour agoCulture3 min readChinaView translation

跟着学者逛故宫:宫中赏月,那些你不知道的细节

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文章详细描述了明清皇宫中秋赏月的习俗,包括宣德帝在太液池琼岛赏月的诗意场景、宫内购买月饼与互赠时令水果的习惯、焚香祭月与通宵宴席的仪式、吃蟹饮酒的雅趣,以及乾隆帝在避暑山庄赏月并将其美景比肩西湖的诗作,最后通过宫廷绘画《琼台玩月》展现嫔妃赏月的场景,呈现皇家中秋的文化内涵。

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Why It Matters

中秋是中国传统佳节,赏月为古老习俗。明清皇宫作为国家中心,其宫廷生活常被史料记载,本文通过诗词、笔记和绘画等史料 reconstructs 皇家中秋场景。

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跟着学者逛故宫

宫中赏月,那些你不知道的细节

中秋是我国的传统佳节,赏月是自古流传的中秋习俗。每年八月十五,秋高气爽,云量较少,月圆宜赏。通过赏月,人们寄托美好愿望,表达祈福之意。故宫作为明清皇宫,当年宫中的帝王、后妃与其他宫廷人员,也会在中秋之夜举行赏月活动。

那么,古人在皇宫里如何赏月呢?本文依托相关史料,梳理解读明清宫廷中秋赏月的部分细节,带读者了解深宫之中的这场中秋雅事。

太液池边,坐到三更

明代皇帝中秋赏月细节的史料较少。宣德帝朱瞻基作《中秋》(《大明宣宗皇帝御制集》),较详细地描写了自己赏月的场景。诗中载:“太液池边灏气澄,今宵月色最分明。清虚台殿登琼岛,仿佛笙歌在玉京。秋气已知过一半,夜凉不觉坐三更。人间何必非天上,却笑乘空看广陵。”

大意为:“太液池内清润的水汽澄澈明净,今晚的月色格外清亮。我登上琼岛,置身清幽的殿台之间,耳边传来笙箫乐曲的声音,好似来到天上仙都。秋天的时节已经过半,夜色渐凉,我不知不觉坐到三更时分。人间就有这样绝佳的月夜美景,何必非要幻想腾空飞到月宫,再远远眺望广陵呢?”此处,“乘空看广陵”为唐代志怪故事,即正月十五夜,道士施法术,携唐玄宗腾空飞到广陵(扬州)上空,俯瞰满城灯火。

这首诗反映了宣德帝中秋赏月的几个细节。其赏月地点为西苑太液池的琼岛(今北海公园琼岛)。月夜,宣德帝安安静静地在琼岛坐了很久,慢慢体会秋夜的凉风、月光和夜景。与此同时,他旁边还有笙箫演奏,为赏月增添了悠闲的氛围。另外,宣德帝赏月不只是看景色,看到美景后还心生感慨:人间此地就有仙境,不必羡慕传说里的奇幻故事。

内市买月饼,焚香祭明月

明代太监刘若愚在《酌中志》中,记载了后妃与太监在宫中赏月的细节。

从八月初一开始,内市就已有月饼售卖,同时还售卖西瓜、鲜藕等时令鲜果。太监利用出宫间隙,购买赏月用品。内府差役也会从西苑太液池(今北海公园附近)采摘新鲜莲藕,供宫中食用。而宫内各院落妃嫔、各监局太监之间,你送我月饼、我送你西瓜莲藕,彼此送礼过节,互相馈赠品尝。

需要说明的是:明代在东华门外、今北池子大街一带,有“皇家大集”,称“内市”,主要服务于宫廷,宫外商贩可获准在此摆摊。内市主要在每月初四、十四、二十四日开市,太监可出宫采买物品。

八月十五中秋当天,是宫中最隆重的节庆时刻。宫中各处院落内都会摆放月饼、瓜果陈设,待明月升空后,众人焚香祭拜月亮。祭拜仪式结束,宫内便开启宴席,众人开怀吃喝、设宴欢庆,不少宫院的宴席通宵达旦,整夜不散。中秋宴席剩余的月饼,会妥善收纳在干燥通风阴凉处,留存到年终岁末,全家团聚时分食。因此宫中将这种留存的月饼,称作“团圆饼”,寓意岁岁团圆。

宫中除了赏月之外,还有一项极具特色的消遣:吃蟹饮酒。八月时,新酒刚酿成,河蟹肥美鲜嫩。中秋月夜,宫中妃嫔、宫女、太监们常常三五成群,围坐相聚,吃蟹休闲。大家一边吃一边说笑,气氛十分热闹。更有手巧的宫人,可以完整剔出蟹胸骨,拼成蝴蝶的样子,以此展示灵巧技艺。

避暑山庄,不输西湖?

清代皇帝赏月的史料中,以乾隆帝撰写的赏月诗数量最多。如乾隆帝的《中秋即事》载:“庆月真宜避暑庄,楼台高下朗寒光。一轮久照辉蓬阆,亿载如恒祝寿康。不遣絮云翳空宇,早扶蟾魄上东冈。野潭潋滟金波涌,何必平湖更忆杭。”

大意为:“避暑山庄宜赏月,楼台尽沐清冷月光。明月遍照这仙境一般的地方,愿江山长久、福寿安康。天上没有一丝絮状云彩遮蔽广阔夜空,月亮早早从东边山冈升起来了。山庄里的潭水,荡漾着月光洒下的金波,此景更胜西湖的平湖秋月。”

乾隆这首诗包含多处细节:首先,其赏月地点是承德避暑山庄,乾隆常在秋季前往木兰围场秋狝,途中驻留避暑山庄,不少中秋都在此度过;其次,山庄环境得天独厚,园林依山傍湖,楼台顺着地势修建,景致雅致,适合赏月;其三,中秋当夜天气晴好,夜空明净没有浮云,正是赏月的好时机;其四,乾隆赏月时心怀天下,望见普照大地的明月,便联想到江山社稷,将中秋月色和国运长久联系在一起。

此外,乾隆颇具审美自信,他认为,北方皇家园林的月色风光,完全不逊色于平湖秋月。需要说明的是:平湖秋月是西湖名景,自古文人吟咏不绝,是文人心中赏月的天花板。

画里的中秋,真实的后宫

故宫藏绘画《月曼清游图》册之“琼台玩月”,展现了清代宫廷嫔妃中秋赏月的场景。绘者陈枚是宫廷画家,熟悉宫中生活,画作取材贴合宫廷日常。

画面里,秋空清朗,薄云间悬着一轮明月。庭院树木葱郁,假山湖石错落点缀。高台楼阁之上,数位嫔妃身着素雅长衫,有的倚栏望月,有的指着明月闲谈,有的静静聆听。一名侍女立于身后,高举圆形仪仗掌扇。掌扇属于宫廷仪仗用具,用来标示人物身份,烘托宫廷贵妇的气质。画面下方设有一座卷棚小亭,亭中还有几位嫔妃,或斜倚闲坐,或相互交谈,或凭栏远望,人物姿态各不相同。

这幅画描绘的虽是理想化画面,但我们仍能借此画册,大致了解清代宫廷后妃中秋赏月的细节。中秋之夜,妃嫔们三五结伴,挑选宫中视野开阔、景色清幽的高台相聚。她们倚栏伫立,指点秋光,她们感受夜的微凉,闻随风而至的桂香。她们在安静长夜中闲谈叙话,每个人心中又各有思绪。

这类赏月活动,一般是没有侍奉在皇帝身旁的妃嫔参与。尽管画面经过艺术加工,并非完全写实,但依然是了解清代后宫中秋赏月十分珍贵的图像资料。

透过皇家中秋赏月的习俗,我们可以窥见清代宫廷的生活风貌,感受传统节日文化在皇宫里的呈现,也能体会到中秋这一传统佳节独有的文化内涵。(作者系故宫博物院研究馆员)

Open Questions

  • 普通百姓的中秋赏月方式与宫廷有何具体差异?
  • 宫廷赏月活动是否受到地域气候的显著影响?
  • 历代皇帝中秋赏月的频率与参与人数有无详细记载?

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