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Back既要防中国,又离不开中国: 中企正从德企撬走多少客户?
既要防中国,又离不开中国: 中企正从德企撬走多少客户?
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德国之声11 hours agoBusiness4 min readChinaView translation

既要防中国,又离不开中国: 中企正从德企撬走多少客户?

欧盟峰会讨论贸易保护措施,德国企业在应对中国竞争与保持在华业务之间寻求平衡

Quick Look

欧盟领导人在布鲁塞尔峰会讨论应对中国出口激增的贸易政策。福尔萨研究所调查显示,超过四分之一的德国工业企业在竞争中败给中国供应商,但多数企业仍视中国市场为不可或缺的销售与采购基地。

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Why It Matters

欧盟领导人正在布鲁塞尔讨论贸易政策,重点关注如何应对中国出口激增对欧洲本土产业的威胁。德国工业界正面临订单流失压力,同时在华业务仍占据重要地位。

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(德国之声中文网)本周四(10月15日),欧盟领导人在布鲁塞尔开启为期两天的峰会,贸易政策是此次峰会最重要的议题之一,其中包括中国与欧盟之间的关系,以及讨论如何遏制中国出口激增。

面对巨额贸易逆差,以及廉价中国商品可能威胁欧洲本土产业的担忧,欧盟领导人希望讨论可能采取的保护措施。

德国工业企业究竟面临多大的行动压力?德国《经济周刊》(WirtschaftsWoche)独家获得了福尔萨(Forsa)研究所开展调查得出的数据。

2026年6至7月,调查人员通过电话采访了151家工业企业的代表。受访企业涵盖机械与设备制造、汽车制造,以及化工和造纸等能源密集型行业。

调查显示,超过四分之一的工业企业(28%)在订单竞争或招标中败给了中国供应商。13%的企业眼睁睁看着现有客户转投中国竞争对手。丢掉一个新订单给报价更低的竞争者,是时有发生的事。但一位长期客户的离去则要严重得多。

FTI-Andersch德国业务负责人克里斯蒂安·绍伯利希(Christian Säuberlich)尤其关注机械与设备制造业的数据。他表示受访企业中已有22%经历过原有客户转投中国竞争对手的情况。这是一个警示信号。

德国工业如何应对竞争压力

与此同时,大多数受访的管理者认为,自家企业相对于中国供应商拥有技术领先优势。但佐伊贝利希表示:“技术优势并不会自动保证不丢客户、不丢订单。”

德国企业采取了哪些反制措施?面对来自中国的压力,德国工业如何应对?

绍伯利希表示,对许多企业而言,强调自身产品的产地和质量是最重要的应对方式之一。在所有工业行业中,百分之六十的企业将“在欧洲生产”作为品质保证;在机械制造业,这一比例更高,达到72%。

汽车行业尤其注重进一步突出产品质量或系统整合力。相比之下,只有较少一部分受访企业采取了削减成本、向中国合作伙伴开放生产能力等措施。

过去三年中,近半数受访企业(48%)曾在中国开展业务。尽管竞争日趋激烈,中国对许多工业企业而言仍不可或缺。绍伯利希表示:“无论是作为销售市场还是采购地区,中国都无法被轻易取代。”

对这些在华活跃的企业,中国市场的重要性甚至还有所上升。

在化工等能源密集型行业,43%的企业表示中国市场“略有”或“显著”增长;机械制造业为31%。汽车行业是个例外:在这一行业,三分之一的企业认为中国的重要性在下降。

各企业由此得出的应对结论各不相同。一旦采取行动,主要围绕贴近中国市场。

20%的企业按照“本地化”(local-for-local)思路,在中国加强了研发、采购和生产的布局;19%的企业聚焦于盈利的细分领域;18%的企业建立或扩大了与中国企业的合作关系;13%的企业专门为中国市场开发了产品;12%的企业加大了在华投资。

撤离中国则几乎不在考虑之列:过去三年中,只有4%的企业缩减了在华业务或放弃了生产基地。

欧盟酝酿新贸易武器

这项调查也揭示了欧盟领导人在布鲁塞尔面临的两难处境:必须在采取强硬措施与避免局势升级之间寻找平衡,因为德国工业需要两者兼顾——既要免受来自中国的冲击,也要保有进入中国市场的通道。

德国对华采取的谨慎态度也在发生动摇。过去几个月里,以往因为担心中国报复而损害德国出口商利益的谨慎心态,已经转变为一种愿意升级应对措施的态度。

德国总理默茨与法国总统马克龙此前联名致信欧盟委员会主席冯德莱恩,提议建立一种新机制:若贸易伙伴的不公平行为持续,可将其排除在欧盟市场之外。即所谓的“一键终止机制”(kill-switch plan)。

此次峰会后,冯德莱恩表示,欧盟将开发一种新工具,以便在符合欧盟利益的情况下,可以迅速限制相关方进入欧盟市场。

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 欧盟将开发并推出限制相关方进入欧盟市场的新贸易工具。

    Likely · Within months

Open Questions

  • 欧盟将如何具体实施所谓的“一键终止机制”?
  • 中国政府将如何回应欧盟可能采取的限制措施?

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This article was originally published by 德国之声.

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