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Back水产养殖业的肮脏秘密:你吃的海鲜背后不为人知的阴暗面
水产养殖业的肮脏秘密:你吃的海鲜背后不为人知的阴暗面
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纽约时报中文网5 hours agoEnvironment3 min readChinaView translation

水产养殖业的肮脏秘密:你吃的海鲜背后不为人知的阴暗面

Quick Look

调查发现,全球鱼粉产业依赖非法捕捞,渔船在禁止区域作业、违反捕捞配额且无证捕鱼;工人面临强迫劳动、暴力和危险条件,秘鲁等国发生多起死亡事故;西非地区因过度捕捞饵料鱼导致渔民失业、粮食不安全和移民增加,毛里塔尼亚、塞内加尔等国监管执行不力,外国船只常规规避监控。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

鱼粉产业依赖野生鱼类加工,全球最大生产国秘鲁供应超过五分之一的鱼粉。西非沿海社区传统上依赖小型渔业和饵料鱼维持生计和粮食安全,但工业化鱼粉捕捞导致资源崩溃。

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有一些鱼粉是用野生捕捞的鱼类经加工供人食用的食品后剩下的鱼头、内脏和其他残余部分制成的。

无论何时,都有许多渔船在非法作业,并采取措施避免被监管部门发现。科学研究将这些渔船捕捞的鱼类中至少一半的物种列为“过度开发”,或面临消失的危险。全球鱼粉产业的捕捞船队中,有数百艘是底拖网渔船,它们利用加装重物的渔网刮扫海底,几乎摧毁沿途的一切生物。

从南中国海到遥远的北大西洋海域,我们的记者登上了为鱼粉产业捕捞原料的渔船。我们查阅航海日志,采访工人,记录非法作业行为。调查发现,数百艘鱼粉原料捕捞船在禁止捕捞或受到保护的海域作业,违反特定鱼种的捕捞配额,或者在没有许可证的情况下捕鱼。

一些渔船上的工作条件极其恶劣。一些甲板工人说,他们的护照被没收,被迫每天工作15个小时,还遭到高级船员殴打。在中国和俄罗斯的渔船上,我们发现了工人伤亡和强迫劳动的情况,包括债务奴役以及提出离船要求却遭到禁止的案例。在西非沿海作业的一艘中国渔船上,船员要么睡在甲板上,暴露在海浪和雨中,要么挤在充满废气、闷热狭窄且存在危险的舱室里。

自2019年以来,秘鲁的鱼粉产业已有十余人在工作期间死亡。秘鲁是全球最大的鱼粉生产国,通常供应全球超过五分之一的鱼粉。该国渔船上的工人有时会被鱼舱内数百吨腐烂鱼类释放的有毒气体熏晕。2023年,两名男子在为秘鲁大型渔业公司Copeinca卸载鳀鱼时跌入船舱,因窒息死亡。(事故发生时拥有Copeinca的CFG投资公司未回应置评请求。该公司目前的所有者、加拿大企业库克公司表示,事故责任不在Copeinca,而在渔民本人。)

还有一些工人坠海,或遭到重型设备撞击而丧生。同样是在2023年,秘鲁另一家公司TASA的一名渔民在海上被一根缆绳击中身亡。该公司一名发言人表示,事故发生后,TASA“调动了所有必要的人力和后勤资源”应对事故,并为受到这起死亡事件影响的人提供照顾,包括向死者家属提供心理支持。

工人远非唯一受影响的人。过去十年,鱼粉产业摧毁了沿海社区的粮食安全和生计。

色彩鲜艳的木制独木舟船队世世代代在西非沿海水域捕鱼,支撑着码头工人、贸易商和运输商以及数千名在本地市场熏鱼、晒鱼和卖鱼的女性构成的繁荣产业。但如今,数十艘鱼粉船掠夺这些水域,把渔获送往毛里塔尼亚、塞内加尔和冈比亚的数十家鱼粉厂。

尽管新规限制了捕捞强度,毛里塔尼亚仍特别有吸引力,因为得益于加那利洋流沿海岸产生的强劲营养上升流,其水域海洋生物异常丰富。在那里,中国和土耳其船只捕捞西非拟沙丁鱼、沙丁鱼以及圆身和扁身小沙丁鱼——它们被称为饵料鱼,位于食物链底部,被其他海洋生物或海鸟食用。

它们也被人类食用。这类鱼对西非数百万人的粮食安全至关重要;沙丁鱼虽小,却提供超量重要营养,是该地区最便宜、最重要的动物蛋白来源之一。自鱼粉产业扩张到西非以来,圆身沙丁鱼种群已降至有记录以来最低水平。如今,这四种鱼中有三种被联合国列为过度开发。

事实证明,外国鱼粉船在西非沿海造成的许多破坏一直未被发现。船只关闭应答器,或通过“位置欺骗”伪造方位,以逃避地方当局的任何有效监控。这种做法在毛里塔尼亚沿海尤其常见:据卫星数据,2019年至2025年,至少21艘在那里作业的外国渔船伪装了位置。还有许多船只经常进行转运,即把鱼转移到冷藏船而不是返回港口。这种被禁止的做法规避了地方税收、配额和保护物种法规。渔船若从卫星追踪中消失,就更容易逃避这一规则。

毛里塔尼亚政府对其鱼类种群及其所支撑生计的监管效果毁誉参半。在阻止工业船只进入保护区方面,毛里塔尼亚的表现在世界银行2025年的评估中居于非洲国家前列,但监督机构说,政府仍难以确定谁在捕鱼、捕了多少,以及监管者是否一直在执行针对海上船只的规则。

至少有一次,毛里塔尼亚政府似乎想压下非法捕鱼问题。2025年7月22日,该国环保活动人士阿里·巴卡尔在Facebook发帖称,一艘土耳其鱼粉船在毛里塔尼亚沿海的邦达尔金国家公园作业时伪造位置。“它很可能参与了非法捕捞活动,”巴卡尔写道。当天,警察就出现在他家并逮捕了他。

他被控在互联网上“发布误导性信息”,遭到监禁,被剃光头,并与二十多人一起关在一间老鼠和蟑螂横行的牢房里。由于不愿签署一封向海岸警卫队和渔业机构道歉的信,他被关押约两个月,后在国际人权组织施压下获释。

与毛里塔尼亚类似的是,塞内加尔似乎也不太愿意把本国人民利益置于外国投资之上。2024年,欧盟向该国发出“黄牌”警告,称其在打击非法、无上报、不受管制捕鱼方面没有给予充分合作。

联合国表示,对这些本已过度开发的鱼类种群的掠夺是移民的主要推动因素。数千名塞内加尔渔民失业,促使许多人用船逃离该国。他们通常会试图从塞内加尔出发,航行近1000英里,抵达最近的欧洲登陆点——西班牙加那利群岛。

从西非到加那利群岛的移民路线已夺去数千人的生命。2024年9月,一艘载有约100名移民前往西班牙的渔船倾覆,造成二十多人死亡。21岁的谢库·奥马尔是幸存者之一,他抓着沉船残骸游了10小时抵达岸边。他向我们的记者解释了鱼粉产业如何影响了他的移民决定。“我们是渔民,”他告诉他们,“但这里已经没有鱼了。

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 国际人权组织将继续施压毛里塔尼亚政府释放被拘留的活动人士并调查其指控。

    Likely · Within weeks

  • 塞内加尔渔民前往加那利群岛的移民将在未来几个月持续增加。

    Possible · Within months

Open Questions

  • 国际监管机构是否将对涉嫌非法捕捞的外国渔船实施制裁?
  • 受害工人及其家庭是否能获得赔偿?
  • 西非饵料鱼种群是否能在捕捞压力减少后恢复?
  • 毛里塔尼亚和塞内加尔政府是否会加强对外国渔船的监管执行?

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This article was originally published by 纽约时报中文网.

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