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Back职场“软监控”引担忧:“隐形监控”之下,隐私安全何在?
职场“软监控”引担忧:“隐形监控”之下,隐私安全何在?
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中国新闻网10 hours agoLabor4 min readChinaView translation

职场“软监控”引担忧:“隐形监控”之下,隐私安全何在?

Quick Look

记者调查发现,部分电商平台售卖员工电脑监控软件,售价仅350元即可实现实时截屏、监控微信QQ等聊天记录及网页浏览,专家指出即使企业设备须遵循合法必要原则,秘密监控私人信息可能违反个人信息保护法,劳动者应留存证据并通过合法途径维权。

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Why It Matters

随着数字技术深度嵌入工作场景,一些区别于直接违法解雇、体罚劳动者等显性侵权情形的职场“软侵权”引发关注讨论。职场“软侵权”往往具有隐蔽性强、取证困难、边界模糊等特征。

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编者按

随着数字技术深度嵌入工作场景,一些区别于直接违法解雇、体罚劳动者等显性侵权情形的职场“软侵权”引发关注讨论。

职场“软侵权”往往具有隐蔽性强、取证困难、边界模糊等特征。比如,有劳动者被用人单位悄悄监控工作设备信息,因面临职场“软监控”而产生隐私困扰;个别用人单位通过架空工作权限等职场“软裁员”方式,变相逼迫劳动者离职。对此,何以进一步强化“硬约束”?

今日起,本版推出《数字时代,职场“软侵权”当有硬约束》系列报道,聚焦当下劳动关系领域出现的新情况和新问题,探讨职场“软侵权”认定标准及劳动者的举证与维权新路径。敬请关注。

“公司给工作电脑装了监控软件,领导说能看到电脑运行内容。”10月13日,浙江的李女士向《工人日报》反映,不久前,她所在的公司为监督员工工作状态,给几十台工作电脑装了一款软件,“虽然告知我们了,但大家不知道微信、QQ聊天记录会不会被监视,也并不知道公司到底能看到多少信息。用电脑时都提心吊胆,太让人窒息了。”

电脑屏幕实时录屏、监控社交软件聊天、查看手机网页浏览记录……随着数字化办公日益普及,传统人工管理方式逐步智能化。与此同时,一些企业依托智能系统,悄悄对员工的工作状态、面部表情、操作行为、在线时长、离岗频次等进行监控,部分监控范围延伸至私人休息时段、私人社交界面。

上述现象,被一些劳动者称为职场“软监控”。不同于传统监控方式,面对“软监控”,劳动者往往难以察觉监控细节、界定侵权边界或固定违法证据,部分监控行为还被包装为“办公合规管理”等。这类“软监控”是否违法?对此,劳动者应如何有效维权?

花350元就能监控员工办公电脑?

记者在部分社交平台或电商网站上检索发现,有商家售卖电脑监控软件。对此,记者以客户身份咨询了某软件商家,对方称其产品可以通过实时录屏、截屏�控员工电脑,限制应用程序和网站联网,进而防止员工上班购物、看视频。

“如果有需要,还能监控微信、QQ、钉钉等社交软件聊天记录,以及网页浏览记录,并形成可查看的报表。”该商家介绍。

“软件安装完成后将处于隐藏状态,员工觉察不到‘被监控’。”该商家告诉记者,这一软件仅需一台电脑作为服务器,员工端每台电脑的软件安装费用为350元,后续可以永久使用该软件。记者在商家提供的演示视频中看到,其售卖的产品可以实时呈现微信、飞书等软件的聊天记录,并对员工的电脑屏幕进行录屏。

曾在某上市食品公司工作的一位IT岗位从业者透露,其所在部门能够实时监控员工的上网行为,“只要连上工作场所Wi-Fi,上网行为就会受到监控,公司还能看到员工手机的网页浏览记录。如果员工长时间频繁浏览与工作无关的网页,我们会进行提醒,严重时上报领导。”

“企业可以在事先告知前提下,对企业设备、工作场景开展必要监控,但必须遵循合法、正当、必要原则。”在北京邮电大学互联网治理与法律研究中心主任谢永江看来,企业不得非法获取、查看员工私人通讯内容等个人隐私信息,员工的私人设备在原则上不应受企业监控。

设置“职场监控”须提前告知

公司擅自恢复的员工已删除的私人微信聊天记录,能否作为诉讼证据?这类记录具备法律效力吗?

曾在某环保公司工作的马某,与该公司已连续两次签订固定期限劳动合同。在第二次合同期满前,公司称马某存在伪造病假、骗取休假等行为,以其严重违反规章制度为由决定不续签无固定期限劳动合同。马某则认为,公司系违法解除劳动合同,故诉至法院。

庭审中,案涉公司提交了马某与同事的微信聊天记录,但未能证明该证据来源的合法性。

审理该案的北京市第二中级人民法院指出,案涉微信聊天记录是专属于马某的个人信息,应在马某充分知情且自愿、明确同意处理后,方可进行恢复和采集。该公司擅自恢复员工已删除的数据并采集信息作为内部处分依据、证据,构成对马某个人信息的不当使用,违背个人信息保护核心要旨,故不予采信。最终,法院认定该公司系违法解除劳动合同,须向马某支付违法解除劳动合同赔偿金。

谢永江表示,企业在工作场所、工作设备上对员工开展上网行为监控,可用于开展经营管理、保护信息安全,但须事先充分告知员工并限定在合理边界,不得侵入私人空间。

“须通过员工手册、入职协议等书面形式,明确告知员工监控范围、方式,以及收集哪些数据、数据用途。未告知的‘秘密监控’,大概率违法。”谢永江认为,私人手机属于员工个人财产,即便连接了公司Wi-Fi,企业也无权查看手机内的APP清单、使用时长等。“除非员工单独书面同意,且相关监控仅用于实现必要安全目的,否则企业涉嫌侵犯《中华人民共和国个人信息保护法》中的个人信息权益。此外,不能将监控随意用于考核员工绩效。”

首都经济贸易大学人力资源开发与管理研究中心主任、教授杨旭华分析,职场监控利弊共存,“一方面,一套数字化监控系统可替代多名巡检人员,实现7×24小时‘无休监督’,还能较快开展风险溯源,降低显性管理成本。但另一方面,部分新技术监控手段可能也是持续的、冰冷的,员工容易因此陷入‘心理监控’焦虑,其注意力也容易从‘如何把事情做好’扭曲为‘如何让系统看起来我很忙’。”

设备所有权不等于无限监控权

在垦丁律师事务所合伙人麻策看来,判断职场监控是否合法,核心不是设备归谁所有,而是监控是否具有正当目的、必要性,以及是否超出合理边界。

“例如,为防止商业秘密泄露,企业监控办公电脑文件是否外发、异常数据传输等行为,通常具有合理性。”麻策认为,如果企业暗自读取、采集员工私人微信聊天记录进行分析,或秘密开启电脑摄像头、麦克风,以及将此类信息用于非工作范围内的隐私散布,则可能超出必要范围,涉嫌侵犯员工隐私权和个人信息权益。

“即使电脑属于企业财产,员工在工作场所仍然依法具有合理的隐私期待。企业对设备的所有权,不等于对员工私人信息的无限监控权。”麻策说。

杨旭华进一步表示,在绝大多数情况下,这类“软监控”手段既无必要也不可取。在他看来,屏幕监控、鼠标轨迹分析、离线溯源等技术监控方式,本质上是“过程控制”对“结果导向”的越位。“它隐含了一个负面假设,即‘员工天生懒惰、不可信,必须被时刻盯防’。当员工感受到被过度监控时,内在工作动力将会减弱,同时创造力水平也会显著下降。”

对此,北京市炜衡(长春)律师事务所律师熊星星提醒劳动者,应主动熟悉单位监控管理规则。在签署劳动合同、保密协议或阅读员工手册等文件时,重点留意单位是否启用截屏、录屏、键盘记录等监控手段,确认监控覆盖范畴、信息采集类型以及调阅权限等。

“如果企业确实设置了网络或设备监控,劳动者应尽量避免把个人隐私信息留在单位设备、办公网络中。”熊星星建议,如果劳动者察觉单位存在不合理监控行为,应及时留存证据,向人力资源部门或管理层反馈,要求终止不当监控行为并删除已违规采集的个人隐私材料。若权益遭受较严重损害,可以报警处理或向法院提起诉讼。

本报记者 陶稳

《工人日报》(2026年10月15日 06版)

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 劳动部门将加强对职场监控行为的指导和监管,可能出台更具体的操作规范。

    Likely · Within months

  • 企业在采购和使用员工监控软件时将更加谨慎,优先选择合规产品并完善内部告知流程。

    Possible · Within months

Open Questions

  • 监控软件的实际使用范围和数据存储安全如何保障?
  • 现行法律是否足以应对新兴的职场监控技术?
  • 劳动者在面对秘密监控时的举证难度如何降低?
  • 企业内部监控管理规则的制定和执行机制是什么?

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