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Back德国为何转向支持欧盟对华贸易强硬?
德国为何转向支持欧盟对华贸易强硬?
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德国之声2 hours agoWorld6 min readChinaView translation

德国为何转向支持欧盟对华贸易强硬?

面对中国竞争压力与出口下滑,德国政府提议建立欧盟市场准入新机制以应对不公平贸易行为。

Quick Look

德国总理默茨提议建立欧盟市场准入新机制,旨在应对中国的不公平贸易行为。随着德国对华出口下滑及本土汽车行业面临激烈竞争,柏林正从以往的谨慎态度转向更强硬的贸易防御立场。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

德国对华出口市场份额显著下降,且本土汽车行业面临中国电动汽车的激烈竞争。欧盟正寻求通过立法手段保护本土制造业免受不公平贸易影响。

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德国对华采取的谨慎态度正在发生动摇。在过去几个月里,以往因为担心中国报复而损害德国出口商利益的谨慎心态,已经转变为一种愿意升级应对措施的态度。

上周,德国总理默茨与法国总统马克龙联名致信欧盟委员会主席冯德莱恩,提议建立一种新机制:若贸易伙伴的不公平行为持续,可将其排除在欧盟市场之外。

这封信显然针对中国。信中警告,对于那些“蓄意通过政治或经济手段破坏……公平市场条件”的国家,必须采取此类措施。

中国商务部警告称,如果欧洲采纳这种“一键终止机制”(kill-switch plan),将会“自食其果”。该提议提出的时机恰逢上周在北京举行的关键中欧贸易会谈前夕。

荣鼎集团(Rhodium Group)的中国业务高级顾问巴金(Noah Barkin)对德国之声说,中国对德国这一出口强国的威胁“已让默茨及其核心幕僚确信,采取行动的收益大于按兵不动的代价”。

在新冠疫情之前,中德两国经济齐头并进,德国工业也从中国的崛起中获益。然而,根据德国联邦外贸与投资署关于2026年上半年的数据,中国已从德国第二大出口市场跌至第九大市场。

与此同时,中国竞争对手迅速缩小了技术差距,并凭借极低成本和国家补贴在竞争中占据优势。德国的汽车制造、精密机械和化工行业感受到的压力尤为明显。

德国汽车制造商在中国的销量大幅下滑,而中国是德国车商最重要的市场之一。根据荣鼎集团的数据,2022年至2025年间,德国对华汽车出口暴跌了66%。

如今,德国各大汽车品牌在欧洲等其他主要市场上,也面临来自中国新一代电动汽车制造商的激烈竞争,这迫使德国车企不得不采取裁员、关闭工厂等措施。

据德国联邦统计局数据,今年前七个月,德国进口的中国制造新车数量同比增长121%;总体而言,中国制造汽车已占德国汽车进口总量的近14%。

总部位于柏林的墨卡托中国研究中心(MERICS)的学者安米舍尔(Andreas Mischer)对德国之声表示:“在持续失去中国市场份额之后……这种竞争似乎也开始冲击德国车企在欧洲汽车市场的业务。”

米舍尔指出,来自德国强大汽车游说团体的压力,是柏林方面“转变态度、趋向使用贸易防御工具”的关键因素。

在近几个月要求采取更强硬立场的众多德国商界领袖中,德国机械设备制造业联合会(VDMA)对外贸易负责人里希特贝格(Oliver Richtberg)的表态尤为直白。里希特贝格8月份在接受《星期日世界报》采访时表示:“我们目前正因不公平的手段而遭受‘去工业化’的冲击,大多数企业已不愿再接受这种局面。”

据欧盟统计局数据,去年欧盟对华货物贸易逆差约为3600亿欧元(约合4020亿美元),相当于每天10亿欧元,而且,这一逆差在2026年上半年进一步扩大。

尽管布鲁塞尔方面一直试图抵制廉价中国商品的倾销,但一项旨在保护产业、打击胁迫的法案,却在北京以及欧盟内部均面临阻力。欧盟3月份提出的《工业加速法案》(Industrial Accelerator Act)旨在通过公共招标的优惠,保护欧盟本土企业,将制造业投资吸引回欧洲。

对于关键领域的外国投资,只有在欧洲企业保持多数控制权的前提下才会获得批准。北京方面将此举定性为歧视性措施。欧洲汽车制造商协会上月警告称,该法案草案对于应对中国竞争对手效果甚微,这些中国制造商成本明显更低。该协会在一份立场文件中指出,在欧盟内部进行生产的激励措施必须足够有力,才能“抵消额外成本”。

柏林方面的主要担忧在于,中国可能会对稀土及其制成的磁体实施新的出口限制。中国在这些关键元素上拥有绝对主导权,而这些元素对于德国的汽车、可再生能源及国防制造业至关重要。

彭博社上周援引未具名德国官员的话表述,如果北京方面实施出口封锁,欧盟这项新的“一键终止机制”可能成为一种“二次打击武器”。而该措施是否启动的决定,将在本月稍晚的欧盟领导人峰会上做出。

或许是为了避免公开对抗,欧盟与中国在上周的中欧贸易会谈中达成了一项“共识”,该共识可能让中国向欧盟出口的混合动力汽车数量减少一半以上。率领欧盟代表团的欧盟贸易专员谢夫乔维奇(Maros Sefcovic)表示,这可能涉及未来四年中国向欧盟出口的数百万辆汽车。

与此同时,墨卡托中国研究中心的测算显示,对于中国而言,目前,欧盟是一个比美国更为关键的出口市场。今年上半年,中国对欧盟的出口额为2540亿美元,而对美国的出口额为1720亿美元。这可能赋予欧盟谈判代表更强的筹码:他们希望既能避免全面贸易战,又要保护欧洲免受中国近期对欧洲出口激增的冲击。

墨卡托中国研究中心的米舍尔对德国之声表示:“有时候,欧盟手中的筹码比其自身意识到的要多。”

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 欧盟领导人峰会将讨论是否启动贸易防御机制。

    Very likely · Within weeks

Open Questions

  • 欧盟是否会正式通过并实施“一键终止机制”?
  • 中国将采取何种具体反制措施?

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This article was originally published by 德国之声.

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