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Back美伊戰爭爆發打擊債市樂觀預期,Fed新主席華許採模糊政策導致美債波動加劇
美伊戰爭爆發打擊債市樂觀預期,Fed新主席華許採模糊政策導致美債波動加劇
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自由时报1 hour agoBusiness3 min readChinaView translation

美伊戰爭爆發打擊債市樂觀預期,Fed新主席華許採模糊政策導致美債波動加劇

Quick Look

2026年1月,海外債券市場因聯準會進入降息循環而樂觀,但2月底美伊戰爭爆發導致油價上漲和通膨回升,打擊債市預期。5月上任的Fed主席華許改變過往透明慣例,大幅減少政策聲明、撤銷前瞻指引和點陣圖,使市場陷入不確定性。9月FOMC會議上,Fed升息1碼,終結兩年降息循環。預計年底前可能再升息2碼,但長遠利率走向仍受美伊戰爭、原物料價格及美國經濟成長變數影響。文章建議海外債券投資以保守為宜,短期以公債為主,長期可考慮5-10年期A級以上公司債。

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Why It Matters

自1994年葛林斯潘開始在FOMC會後發表政策聲明,聯準會決策過程逐漸趨向公開透明。2007年柏南奇引入經濟預測摘要,2011年首次舉行記者會,2012年加入點陣圖,2018年鮑爾將記者會頻率增加至每年八次。過去三十年來,聯準會歷任主席致力於提升政策透明度,以建立公信力並引導市場理性預期。

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時間重回今年1月,海外債券市場氣勢昂揚,聯準會(Fed)進入降息循環,債券市場正打算依循以往的市場規則,將2026年打造為債券交易成果豐碩的一年。但2月底美伊戰爭無預警地爆發,連帶引起的油價高漲、通膨捲土重來,如同黑天鵝展翅,將Fed可能的降息及債市獲利的榮景付之一炬。5月新上任的Fed主席華許,更是一改前幾任主席公開透明的慣例,將Fed未來的政策方向調整為模糊且難以預測。

延續聯準會降息趨勢,美債殖利率回落、債券價格強勁走揚,市場樂觀看待 2026 年交易成果。(路透)

從葛林斯潘到鮑爾 Fed決策走向公開透明

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自1994年葛林斯潘首次在聯邦公開市場委員會(FOMC)會後主動發表政策聲明開始,Fed的決策過程就日益趨向公開透明化。2007年柏南奇首次引入每季發表一次的「經濟預測摘要」,加強與公眾溝通。2011 4月柏南奇再開先河,於FOMC會後首次舉行會後記者會,由主席親自面對媒體提問,並於 2012 年首度納入預測利率走向的「點陣圖(dot plot)」。2018 年 12 月鮑爾更將原本每季舉行一次的記者會,改成一年 8 次FOMC 會後都召開記者會,將Fed的政策透明度推向前所未見的高峰。Fed歷任總裁於過去30年致力於提升Fed政策的公開透明度,主要是為了建立起Fed一言九鼎的公信力,並且讓市場在理性預期的基礎下,主動提前向Fed引導的方向前進,讓Fed的政策更有效果。

Fed刪指引、撤點陣圖 美債市場陷入盲人摸象

過往債券交易員為了研究Fed未來貨幣政策方向,總是在每次FOMC會後仔細研讀會後聲明、前瞻指引以及點陣圖,藉由Fed提供的大量資訊,推估出未來市場可能的動態。然而隨着華許於2026年5月22日正式上任,Fed 的貨幣政策溝通再次回到上個世紀的模擬兩可型態。華許首先把上任後首次的FOMC會後聲明大幅刪減,刪除前瞻指引,自己也拒絕提交點陣圖預測。相對殘缺的資訊,讓債券市場瞬間落入盲人摸象的窘境,也讓美債市場的波動度顯著放大。在歷經6月、7月兩次FOMC會議未升息後,9月FOMC會議成為華許最為動見觀瞻的一次FOMC會議。在連續數月欠缺充分資訊下,華許在9月FOMC會議的決策,會如同上任初期,被市場認定將延續川普總統的意志,致力將美國維持在低利率的環境,還是會順應市場預期,在物價高漲及通膨隱憂下,開啟Fed新一輪升息循環,不但影響當下的債券市場,更將決定未來金融環境的格局。

Fed升息1碼 終結降息循環

9月FOMC會議結果於台灣時間9月17日清晨出爐,最終華許順應市場預期,帶領Fed做出升息1碼的決議。這是Fed過去三年來首次升息,也讓過去兩年的降息告一段落,再次開啟了升息的降息循環。藉由這次的升息,我們大致可以勾勒出在這位新主席的帶領下,未來Fed貨幣政策大致的施政方向。首先,華許雖然透過減少施放訊息,極力避免讓外界事先察覺Fed可能的政策方向,但當市場已經對Fed形成強烈共識時,華許仍不至作出與市場認知南轅北轍的反向決策。其次,FOMC畢竟是一個多數決的會議,就算主席有特定的想法,仍須尊重多數委員的意見。因此,就算我們在今年迎接了Fed過去30年以來最為特立獨行的主席,但是相較以往,Fed未來施政的方向,雖然在升降息時間點上可能略有出入,但整體政策方向,應與市場預期的大致相同。

年底再升息2碼?長遠利率走向仍存諸多變數

所以在9月FOMC會議結束後,我們針對美國貨幣政策的能見度,可以先預期到年底。本次會議升息一碼後,華許雖仍拒絕於點陣圖中提交個人意見,並未承諾後續政策方向,但扣除掉主席以外的18位FOMC委員,均在點陣圖中表達了升息的意願。且其中12位預期今年底將升息兩碼,4位預期升息3碼,2位預期升息1碼,以多數人贊成升息2碼的意見來看,在今年剩下兩次10月份及12月份FOMC會議中,我們可能將會看到兩次會議各升息一碼的情景。至於點陣圖還透露在2026年進行升息後,2027年Fed將按兵不動,2028年將再次降息的訊息,由於變數仍多,還必須視年底前美伊戰爭、原物料價格及美國物價及經濟成長的變化來決定,目前尚需時間進一步觀察,還不能立刻做出如此樂觀的結論。

Fed密集升息來襲 海外債券保守為宜

因此在我們對華許帶領的Fed年底前貨幣政策的預期下,海外債券商品的投資策略該如何訂定?首先我們認為在年底前,海外債券商品投資應以保守為宜。未來三個月應是Fed密集升息的時段,美債殖利率仍存在上行風險,此時正是以利空來測試市場體質的時候。若在年底前的升息過程中,美債殖利率持續走空,顯示債市底部還未到,必須持續觀望。若升息過程中,出現殖利率遇利空不反彈的情況,顯示債市可能已接近空頭滿足點,若年底時美國政經情勢亦支持Fed於明年採取不升息的政策,則屆時又將是海外債券難得一見的進場點。

此外,在Fed9月升息後,目前美國10年期以上公債殖利率已達到5%以上,幾乎是過去20年來的最高點,長期投資價值已經浮現。若是對海外債券商品積極的投資者,在年底前Fed還未升息前,若是見到對債市友善的訊號,如美伊戰爭和談出現進展、原物料價格回落及美國就業市場放緩等跡象,亦可提前進場布局。只是這種提前卡位的布局,在華許帶領的Fed下,存在變數擴大,因此提前佈局的部位,仍應以小量為宜。

2-3年期買公債 5-10年期佈局A級公司債

至於在投資的標的方面,過去幾年我們都建議以2-3年短年期高信用評等的優質公司債為主,可以在公債殖利率的基礎上,多享受一層低風險的公司信用貼水補償,以提高收益率。然近年來這種策略被市場大舉模仿,導致短年期優質公司債被投資人大量買入,結果就是短年期優質公司債的信用貼水大幅收斂,總合收益率與同年期的公債相差無幾,但流動性則較公債低落許多。因此今年我們將改變投資策略,建議投資人,在2-3年期的短期債券方面仍可買進,但轉以買進公債為主,收益率與短年期優質公司債相差無幾,但流動性明顯提升,必要時可快速賣出變現重新進行操作。若投資人具備長期資金,在殖利率達到近20年高點的情況下,5-10年海外債券亦是適合投資標的。但在這個年期內,我們建議投資人可買進國際信用評等A以上的優質公司債。由於這個年期內的公司債尚未被資金大舉買入,其信用貼水相較短年期公司債來的豐厚許多,信用貼水加計基本的公債殖利率,總合收益率可帶來長期穩定的收益。

Fed在新任總裁華許的帶領下,今後將展現與過往30年不同的風貌。但制度的設計就是為了減少人為的干預,目前看來Fed主席雖有個人意志,但FOMC會議集體決策的機制,應能繼續帶領美國貨幣政策在金融市場最大公約數的原則下運行。因此年底前的這段時間,就是檢視Fed運作是否能與金融市場達成共識的重要時刻。如果一切順利,或許今年底明年初,我們又將迎來一次海外債市多頭行情的出發點。

(作者為兆豐證券資產管理業務事業群副總經理)

一手掌握經濟脈動 點我訂閱自由財經Youtube頻道

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 美國聯準會將在10月和12月的FOMC會議中各升息一次,年底前總計升息2碼

    Likely · Within months

  • 若美伊戰爭緩和及原物料價格回落,美國物價壓力緩解,Fed可能在2027年暫停升息

    Possible · Within months

Open Questions

  • 美伊戰爭何時及如何結束?
  • 華許是否會在未來FOMC會議中恢復點陣圖或前瞻指引?
  • 美國經濟在持續升息壓力下是否會陷入衰退?

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