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Back网络成瘾:不仅是自控力问题,需多方干预
网络成瘾:不仅是自控力问题,需多方干预
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中国新闻网1 hour agoHealth4 min readChinaView translation

网络成瘾:不仅是自控力问题,需多方干预

Quick Look

文章通过未成年人沉迷网络直播打赏的案例引出网络成瘾问题,引用北京大学第六医院孔庆梅主任的专业观点,解释成瘾的医学定义、判断标准、易感人群及预防干预措施,强调成瘾是精神心理疾病而非单纯自控力不足,需个体、家庭、社会共同应对。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

随着社交媒体和直播行业快速发展,越来越多的人出现网络使用成瘾症状,特别是未成年人。世界卫生组织在2019年版的ICD-11中首次将“游戏障碍”列为精神和行为障碍,标志着网络成瘾获得了医学界的正式认可。文章通过具体案例和专家访谈探讨了这一社会问题的成因、表现及应对策略。

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近期,一些未成年人沉迷网络直播的事件引发社会关注:山西太原一名8岁男孩,登上家长的社交平台账号,迷上观看游戏直播,3天打赏1.7万元;安徽黄山一名12岁女孩,用家长手机号登录直播平台,为配音主播刷礼物,短时间消费近3000元……

不只是未成年人。刷短视频,动辄花3至4小时;熬夜打游戏,影响工作学习;沉迷看直播,掏空积蓄争当“榜一大哥”“榜一大姐”……随着社交媒体、直播行业飞速发展,不少人出现成瘾症状。医学领域怎么界定成瘾?导致成瘾的因素有哪些?如何应对?

判断成瘾的标准有哪些?

有人将这类行为归结于贪玩、自控力差,认为只要下定决心管住自己,就能戒掉网瘾。实际上,家人指责、患者自责,戒掉网瘾难有成效。

“成瘾不是单一的自制力问题,而是一种精神心理疾病,涉及心理、神经生物、社会文化等多重因素,需要个体、家庭、社会共同干预。”北京大学第六医院特诊科主任孔庆梅介绍,2019年,世界卫生组织在最新一版《国际疾病分类》(ICD—11)中,首次把“游戏障碍”即通常所说的“游戏成瘾”纳入精神和行为障碍。

孔庆梅介绍,成瘾是指“对一种行为的控制能力受损”,如物质成瘾,滥用酒精、药物等;行为成瘾,沉迷网络直播、游戏、短视频等。

判断是否成瘾有3个标准。

失控感。控制不住地去使用某种东西。

耐受性。起初使用一小时就能感受到快感,逐步要两个小时甚至更长时间才能维持原先的快感。

戒断症状。不使用的时候会产生一系列身心变化,如心慌、手抖、乏力、出汗以及情绪低落、焦虑、注意力不集中、心烦等。

哪些群体容易成瘾?

在孔庆梅接诊的病人中,有两个成瘾患者让她印象深刻。

一个是11岁的男孩,比较贪玩,假期住在爷爷奶奶家,经常玩游戏。开学后回到母亲身边,受到严格管教,不料越管教孩子越逆反,后来干脆不上学,整天躲在屋里玩游戏,母子冲突愈发激烈。就诊时,孩子自诉学习压力大,情绪不太好,玩游戏能让自己高兴。“我当时的建议是母亲要调整养育方式,看到孩子沉迷游戏背后的情绪问题。”孔庆梅介绍,这个孩子经过心理治疗后,情况有了较大改善。

另一个患者是30多岁的男性,直播打赏数百万元,甚至变卖家中财产。家人采取种种措施,包括不让其接触手机、减少生活费、送管教机构等,都不见效。就诊时,该男子称父亲比较严厉,他对此不满,就想着跟父亲对着干,家人越是反对,他就越要去做。“这个患者‘成瘾’既有自身原因,也有家庭原因。我建议他的父亲也做出相应调整,与儿子加强沟通,改变打压式教导方式,多给予正向激励。”孔庆梅说,该男子经过心理治疗,逐渐戒掉网瘾,后来结婚生子,恢复了正常的工作生活。

孔庆梅观察到,成瘾患者中青少年偏多。一是青少年阶段大脑发育不成熟,自制力差,容易对网络成瘾。二是青少年心理发育尚未成熟,容易缺乏自信、自我价值感低,他们希望通过游戏或者直播打赏获得成就感。三是家庭教育可能存在问题,例如父母过分控制,未能随着青少年的身心阶段发展调整养育方式,导致亲子关系紧张;或者父母陪伴较少,尤其父爱缺失对男孩的身心成长影响较大,这也是男性青少年更容易出现成瘾行为的原因之一。

老年患者成瘾的主要原因在于生活孤独、自我价值感低。在直播间打赏时,主播嘘寒问暖、热情有加,满足了一些老年人的精神需求。感受到了自我价值,他们就会深陷其中,无法自拔。

从外部因素来看,游戏等具备的娱乐性、便利性和即时奖赏机制,也容易让使用者成瘾。

怎样预防成瘾?

孔庆梅提醒,成瘾属于疾病状态,需要医学干预。不能简单地将其看作贪玩、自制力差,不宜用贬低、指责、打压等方式来管教。应经过专业医疗机构诊断,根据诱发因素、成瘾程度制定干预方案,主要有认知行为疗法、动机式访谈、家庭治疗等干预方式。

如何预防成瘾?孔庆梅建议,首先有意识地控制上网时间,上网前明确上网目的,主动邀请亲友对自己的网络行为进行监督等。其次丰富自己的生活,加强体育锻炼,避免因空虚无聊而一直刷手机。探索调节情绪的积极方式,如冥想等,从而逐步减少个体的上网时间,而非强制暴力戒断。还可以建立良好的人际关系,增加线下交往交流,获得来自他人的情感支持,实现自我成长,这不仅可以有效避免成瘾,也有助于应对人生中的困难挑战。

针对未成年成瘾患者,父母需要调整养育方式,改变亲子互动方式,少一些指责,多一些鼓励。同时增加青少年日常活动的丰富性,尤其要加强体育活动,还要保证孩子睡眠。学校应提供多元化的课余活动,满足青少年成长过程中的探索与社交需求;普及情绪管理、应对压力等知识,提升他们的心理韧性与弹性。

本报记者 施芳

来源:人民网

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 未来将有更多地区出台针对未成年人网络使用时间的管理规定

    Likely · Within months

  • 直播平台可能被要求加强未成年人防沉迷系统和家长监控功能

    Possible · Within months

  • 家庭教育指导服务在预防青少年网络成瘾方面的需求将增加

    Likely · Within weeks

Open Questions

  • 目前中国是否有专门针对未成年人网络成瘾的法律法规?
  • 直播平台在防止未成年人过度打赏方面承担什么责任?
  • 家庭治疗在成瘾干预中的具体有效性如何评估?
  • 学校在预防网络成瘾方面可以开展哪些具体课程或活动?

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This article was originally published by 中国新闻网.

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