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Back东西问丨赵卫星:上海为何要抢这张未来产业门票?
东西问丨赵卫星:上海为何要抢这张未来产业门票?
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中国新闻网23 minutes agoBusiness12 min readChinaView translation

东西问丨赵卫星:上海为何要抢这张未来产业门票?

AI时代“一人公司”兴起,上海如何将其写入产业生态构建与制度创新?

Quick Look

上海市政府参事赵卫星近日接受中新社“东西问”独家专访,解析在AI时代全球兴起的“一人有限责任公司”(OPC)对生产组织重构的意义,并探讨上海为何要将OPC写入产业生态构建与系统制度创新之中。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

AI时代的到来使‘一人有限责任公司’(OPC)在全球兴起,成为新型创业单元与生产组织重构的现象。

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中新社上海11月6日电 题:上海为何要抢这张未来产业门票?

——专访上海市政府参事赵卫星

中新社记者 陈静

当大模型学会写代码、做设计、剪视频、跑客服,“公司”的最小形态正在被重写。过去人们习惯说“组建一支团队才能创业”;如今,一个人加一套AI工具就可能跑通市场分析、产品研发、内容生产、营销交付的全链路。这种形态,法律上叫“一人有限责任公司”(One Person Company,OPC),在AI时代变成新型创业单元。

AI时代的OPC,究竟只是自由职业的升级版,还是新质生产力的“细胞级”组织?上海这样的超大城市,为什么要把OPC写进产业生态构建和系统制度创新之中?上海市政府参事赵卫星近日接受中新社“东西问”独家专访,对此作出阐释。

现将访谈实录摘要如下:

中新社记者:AI时代,“一人公司”正在全球兴起。这是否意味着生产组织正在经历重构?东方和西方分别贡献了什么?

赵卫星:没有AI就没有“一人公司”(OPC)。就生产力而言,人工智能是人类迄今为止最为深刻的一次革命,生产方式一定也会随之发生大的变革。OPC是其中一个很值得关注的现象。它是人类生产组织的一次重构,是生产的基本单元从“层级化企业组织”转向“个人能力节点+数字生态协同”的范式跃升。

近年,AI工具开始承担更完整的工作任务,一个人借助AI就可以完成过去需要多人配合的部分工作,独立经营的条件大为改善。

对OPC,我主要关注四个问题,一是生产力和生产关系的深刻变革,二是产业变革和产业生态的内在联系,三是城市活力和个人动力的发展环境,四是短期现象和未来走向的可能趋势。

在欧美地区国家,OPC提供了“单人能力放大”的工具。其在基础模型、开发工具、独立开发者社区以及全球服务设施方面积累较早,拥有更多的产业应用场景和数字基建。中国则提供了OPC发展“海量节点组网”的生态土壤,从而推动生产组织从“企业中心化”走向“节点分布式”的新形态。

中新社记者:OPC在中西方不同社会环境中,会形成怎样的差异?

赵卫星:双方使用的工具和经营方法有很多共同之处,差异体现在文化、创业动机以及社会期待上。

从文化差异来看,西方OPC是个人主义商业文明的AI延伸,而中国OPC“长出来”的是产业的细胞单元,是强大产业组织能力的轻量化下沉。从创业动机和社会期待来看,西方注重个人自主选择方式:一部分人希望保持小规模经营,一部分人则通过出售产品或业务实现退出,再开展新的项目。荷兰独立开发者彼得·莱维尔斯(Pieter Levels)所代表的独立经营方式是其中一种选择,不能概括所有西方创业者。中国更关注OPC能否帮助更大人群发挥专业优势和知识转化能力,形成创业就业的动力。

对于从大公司离职的专业人员,OPC为职业转换提供了另一种可能;对于高校毕业生,AI工具应用降低了部分业务开发和试错成本。开发者可以在中小城市甚至在乡村生活,同样服务其他城市乃至海外客户。中国发展OPC应更多放在就业和普惠层面。若更多普通劳动者能通过AI获得新的机会,技术进步的收益就能覆盖更广泛人群。

中新社记者:深圳、杭州、苏州等城市正在探索OPC行动计划、创业便利化和社区建设。硅谷、伦敦、新加坡也形成了各具特点的创业生态。上海的优势是什么?有哪些经验值得借鉴?

赵卫星:借鉴国内外城市的经验做法,上海可重点关注专业服务和国际化业务,要把已有产业资源用起来,形成能持续经营的业务,可整合跨境支付、税务、法律和国际人才交流,减少创业者逐项寻找服务的成本。

苏州的社区建设、杭州的创业便利化探索以及深圳等地的相关行动,拓宽了OPC发展空间。其共同价值是把个人创业所需的空间、工具、服务和交流机会有效整合起来。对上海而言,需思考的是哪些做法能够与本地产业结合、现有服务还没有充分覆盖哪些需求。

产业门类齐全和专业服务基础扎实是上海的优势。金融、生物医药、集成电路、高端制造、设计和文创等领域既有专业人才,又有较复杂的业务需求。国际化服务是另一项优势。跨国企业和国际人才的集聚为面向海外市场的创业活动提供了基础,金融、法律、会计和咨询机构林立实现跨境收款、税务、知识产权等方面的支持。关键在于,这些服务能否以个人和小团队负担得起、用得上的方式提供。

总体上说,上海应该从“给空间”转向“给制度、给生态、给对接”,把深厚的产业底盘转化为真正的OPC生态优势。

中新社记者:上海产业基础较厚,大型企业、高校、金融和算力资源丰富,为什么还要抢OPC这张票?在跨境合规、税务服务、海外孵化等方面,能否形成制度型开放的样本?

赵卫星:我认为,上海产业体系已经成型,产业集群正在形成。上海抢抓OPC的机遇是产业转型升级的必然趋势。如果把大企业比喻成经济发展的“主干根系”,那么中小企业包括OPC就是“须根细脉”,两者需被打通,形成大中小企业共生的“雨林经济”。

上海有条件以OPC打造最小颗粒度的“制度型开放”样本,其价值远超产业本身。上海要补生态,填补产业链细分的缺口,产业体系从“深湖大水”转为“热带雨林”;要放活力,把人才从“组织雇员”变成“独立要素”,释放更多价值;要求突破,创造OPC领域可复制可推广的制度创新样本。

对上海来说,OPC的价值不是“多了多少市场主体”,而是以最小切口撬动人才活力释放、产业生态补全、制度开放突破。我们要研究的是如何让已有的人才、金融、算力和专业服务适应这种变化,可以从四类问题着手:一是跨境合规。上海可以依托现有开放平台和专业机构,探索更清晰、便捷的服务,助经营者了解规则和办理路径。二是税务服务。税收合并征收可作为简化办税方向。三是海外孵化与服务联系。上海可探索与海外孵化机构建立联系,为创业者提供支持,便利海外人才和项目开展业务。四是灵活就业保障。可结合现有灵活就业政策,研究OPC从业者在社保、医保和养老方面的需求。

中新社记者:有人担心,OPC可能使个人承担更多经营风险,却依赖大平台获取工具和客户。应如何看待?城市可如何应对?

赵卫星:如果OPC单纯依赖流量型接单平台生存、平台掌握定价权且无规制,确实可能出现“个人承担全部经营风险、平台抽取大部分利润”的异化。但AI赋能OPC的核心价值是个体能力的倍数放大,价值来自技术赋能而非平台流量套利,和纯抽成平台有本质区别。

目前,不少城市都在探索适合这类经营方式的制度安排,尚难说已经有成熟答案。OPC的本质是AI时代个体生产力的解放,风险不在技术本身,而在制度是否跟得上;治理逻辑要从“管理企业”转向“服务个体经营者”,需要在税制、社保、生态对接上加快制度创新。(完)

受访者简介

赵卫星,上海市政府参事。

Open Questions

  • 上海未来将出台哪些具体的OPC支持政策?
  • 如何有效解决OPC从业者的社保与税收痛点?

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This article was originally published by 中国新闻网.

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