
二十国集团贸易部长在密尔沃基会谈,未能就产能过剩和强迫劳动达成一致,仅在粮食武器化议题上取得共识。
今年G20轮值主席国美国周五表示,少数成员拒绝了一份关于工业产能过剩的部长级声明,美方深感失望。会议未能就产能过剩和强迫劳动达成一致,但在禁止粮食武器化议题上取得共识。
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今年担任二十国集团轮值主席国的美国于密尔沃基举行贸易部长会议,重点讨论产能过剩、强迫劳动及最惠国制度改革。
(德国之声中文网)今年担任二十国集团(G20)轮值主席国的美国周五(10月2日)表示,"少数"成员拒绝了一份呼吁就工业产能过剩和"非市场"政策采取行动的部长级声明,美方对此"深感失望"。这一结果暴露出这个主要经济体集团内部的明显分歧。外界普遍认为,产能过剩问题主要指向中国。
二十国集团成员包括中国、印度、法国、德国、日本等主要经济体。各国贸易部长在密尔沃基(Milwaukee)进行了为期两天的会谈,但未能就应对产能过剩和强迫劳动两项议题达成一致。
产能过剩声明遭“少数成员”坚决拒绝
美国贸易代表、二十国集团贸易部长会议主席格里尔(Jamieson Greer)发表声明称,该部长级声明草案获得了除少数成员外所有成员的支持,但其中几个成员坚决拒绝为产能过剩问题开辟这条合作行动路径。草案认为产能过剩以不公平的方式压低成本,要求各国采取多项行动,包括消除本国经济中的结构性产能过剩。美方声明未点名表示反对的国家。
不过,中国此前已有类似表态。今年9月在北卡罗来纳州举行的二十国集团财金会议上,中国曾反对一份财长声明。该声明谴责强迫劳动以及导致出口过度的非市场经济政策,并要求各成员"消除非市场政策"。被问及此次会议上的这一话题时,中国国际贸易谈判代表李成钢仅表示各方表达了各自的意见。
中国的工业产能过剩和产业补贴,是今年美国主导的二十国集团部长级会议的关键议题。北京否认其产业政策造成了产能过剩,并指责西方国家借此为保护主义措施寻找借口。
强迫劳动声明仅获两国联署
在强迫劳动议题上,各成员同样未能形成共同立场。会议期间,一份由美方主导、呼吁加强合作以将强迫劳动生产的商品清出供应链的声明,只有墨西哥和阿根廷两国签署。
绝大多数成员拒绝联署之前,特朗普政府已于今年早些时候以相关国家未能充分执行强迫劳动禁令为由,对59个国家和欧盟的商品加征10%或12.5%的关税,其中包括部分二十国集团成员。此外,美国贸易代表办公室(USTR)还在对16个显现工业产能过剩迹象的贸易伙伴开展第二项"301条款"关税调查,外界普遍预期该调查将在未来数月导致新一轮关税。
粮食武器化议题达成共识
会议唯一取得共识的领域是粮食贸易。据美方声明,二十国集团贸易部长一致同意,粮食和农产品贸易不应被用作经济或政治胁迫的工具。联合声明将粮食武器化定义为:以"延缓、中止、阻断或引导粮食和农业投入品的流动"为手段,施加胁迫性压力,以攫取与之无关的地缘政治让步。部长们表示,粮食武器化构成重大的人道主义和经济威胁,因此予以谴责。
同一天,七国集团(G7)在特朗普总统施压下同意释放约1亿桶柴油储备,以压低创纪录的美国柴油价格。施压手段包括威胁禁止美国柴油出口,而柴油在农业生产中应用广泛。
最惠国制度改革:美方未寻求联合声明
会议的第四个议题是改革"最惠国"(MFN)制度。最惠国制度是指对外公布、无条件适用的全球关税税率,是世界贸易组织(WTO)的基础,二战结束以来一直界定着全球贸易体系。格里尔周四表示,未就此寻求发表联合声明。
格里尔主张,最惠国原则一直被中国这类非市场导向的经济体滥用。这些经济体为产业提供补贴,而该原则却不允许对它们区别对待。美方声明称,一些二十国集团成员表示愿意考虑改变这一制度,包括扩大该原则的例外范围,以及作出新的法律解释,以便更多地运用现有的例外条款。
AI outlook — possibilities, not facts
美国贸易代表办公室将在未来数月因产能过剩调查导致新一轮关税
Likely · Within months

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