
Google 計畫於 10 月 1 日發射搭載 4 顆 AI 晶片的 MVP 衛星測試太空資料中心可行性,但首次測試顯示晶片僅能全功率運轉約 15 分鐘即需停機降溫,熱散問題成為太空運算的關鍵瓶頸,而非預期中的發射成本。
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Google 正推動「陽光捕手」計畫(Project Suncatcher),嘗試將 AI 運算移至太空以利用近乎持續的太陽能,並透過特定晨昏軌道提升能源獲取效率,但熱散問題成為首次測試的主要技術挑戰。
Google想把資料中心搬上太空,第一道難關曝光:4顆TPU只能全速15分鐘。(示意圖,路透)
〔財經頻道/綜合報導〕Google正準備把AI運算搬上太空,但第一個浮現的瓶頸可能不是火箭發射成本,而是如何把AI晶片產生的熱排出去。據報導,太空晶片消耗的每一瓦功率都會轉化為熱,一個消耗一千瓦功率的晶片會產生一千瓦的熱量,但這些熱量必須散發出去,否則晶片會過熱而停止工作。
《紐約時報》報導,MVP衛星運作功率約1千瓦,搭載4顆晶片,而這些晶片運作約15分鐘後就會關閉冷卻,即使是最小的測試也需要停下來休息。因此,客觀來說,熱決定了資料中心的發展速度。在地面上,電力決定了資料中心的發展速度,而在軌道上,目前的證據表明,熱量將起到決定性作用。
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文章指出,Google的「陽光捕手」計畫將於10月1日把4顆AI晶片送入軌道,測試衛星MVP由地球觀測衛星公司Planet協助打造,並搭乘SpaceX火箭從加州發射,Google希望測試在太空部署AI運算設備的可行性,利用接近持續日照的軌道取得太陽能。
根據Google研究,在特定的晨昏軌道上,太陽能板一年取得的能源最高可達美國或歐洲等中緯度地區地面太陽能板的8倍。但現今外界討論Project Suncatcher時,焦點多集中在成本。
Google研究採用的估算顯示,目前以Falcon 9將1公斤物體送入低地球軌道的成本約為3600美元,若到2030年代中期降至每公斤約200美元(約新台幣6340元),以類似Starlink衛星的設計計算,發射成本攤提後約為每千瓦每年810美元(約新台幣2萬5667元),落在美國地面資料中心每千瓦每年570至3000美元(約新台幣1萬8069元至9萬5100元)的電力成本範圍內。
值得注意的是,這項比較並不是「太空資料中心與地面資料中心的總成本」。Google研究也明確指出,計算未包含晶片與建築等成本,並「不構成完整的經濟分析」。換言之,比較的是衛星發射成本與地面資料中心電力成本。
此外,要讓發射成本降到每公斤200美元左右,研究估計還需要約1800次Starship發射,相當於每年約180次。而在成本之外,MVP測試暴露出的另一項問題是散熱。
AI晶片使用的電力最終都會轉化為熱。在地面資料中心,可以利用風扇、空氣或水把熱帶走,但太空中沒有空氣,熱量主要必須透過散熱器以輻射方式排放。Google工程師指出,每平方公尺散熱器只能排除數百瓦熱量,但一顆體積不大的AI晶片便可能產生數千瓦熱,因此每顆TPU可能需要數平方公尺的散熱面積。
此次MVP衛星功率約1千瓦,搭載4顆晶片。最值得注意的是,這些晶片每次大約只能運作15分鐘,之後便必須停止並降溫,這個「15分鐘」也成為Project Suncatcher首次測試的重要觀察指標。
專家指出,機器能以全功率持續運作的時間比例會直接影響實際運算效率;如果晶片只能間歇工作,同樣的衛星重量與發射成本,能提供的有效運算時間就會下降。
文章指出,這個訊息確實存在一個不利因素,因為冷卻方法並非新技術。根據Google工程師表示,這項熱控技術在以往的太空船上已有豐富的應用歷史,該團隊有一個密封的房間,可以模擬太空的寒冷和無空氣環境。
現今,他們正在研究熱管和泵送流體循環系統,將熱量輸送到散熱器。隨著時間的推移,更先進的工具可能會提高散熱極限。因此,客觀的解讀是,熱決定了資料中心的發展速度。在地面上,電力決定了資料中心的發展速度。而在軌道上,目前的證據表明,熱量將起到決定性作用。
不過,這次MVP並非從一開始就為太空AI運算量身打造。報導指出,Google希望今年就把晶片送入軌道,因此使用Planet已經設計完成的衛星,未來若採用更大的散熱器以及專門設計的熱導管、流體循環系統,運作時間可能有所不同。
另一方面,Google未來規畫的衛星將搭載數十顆晶片。晶片愈多,產生的熱量愈大,需要的散熱面積與重量也隨之增加,而火箭發射成本又與重量直接相關。
因此,這次測試真正要回答的問題之一,就是AI晶片進入軌道後究竟能有多少時間維持全功率運算。MVP預計在軌運作約一年,實際運行結果以及下一代衛星需要多大的散熱系統,將成為Google驗證太空AI運算可行性的關鍵數據。
Google研究主管James Manyika也表示,未來幾年內不應期待這項技術能達到真正具有實用性的運作規模。
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AI outlook — possibilities, not facts
MVP 衛星將在軌道上運行約一年,期間將收集晶片運作時間與熱散效能的關鍵數據,以評估下一代衛星散熱系統設計需求。
Likely · Within months
若熱散問題未獲有效解決,未來太空 AI 衛星的晶片數量增長將受限,因散熱面積與重量的增加會直接影響發射成本與可行性。
Possible · Within years

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