
IMF上调德国及台湾增长预期,警告全球经济韧性逼近极限
IMF在曼谷发布《世界经济展望》,预计今年全球经济增长3.1%。报告指出增长高度集中,AI投资成为发达经济体韧性来源,但贫穷国家面临能源价格压力。中国增长预期下调至4.5%,台湾增长预期上调至10.7%。
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IMF在曼谷举行年会并发布《世界经济展望》,评估全球经济在能源价格波动和AI技术驱动下的表现。
国际货币基金组织(IMF)周二(10月13日)在曼谷举行的IMF和世界银行年会上,发布了最新一期《世界经济展望》报告。
报告预计,今年全球经济将增长3.1%,比7月的预测上调0.1个百分点,但明显低于2025年3.5%的增速。2027年增长预计回升至3.4%。
IMF认为,全球增长放缓的幅度略小于此前预期,因为发达经济体在伊朗战争推高能源价格之后表现出了韧性。不过,许多发达国家受益于人工智能(AI)投资的增长,而无法从这一热潮中获益的较贫穷国家,则在高能源价格面前面临艰难抉择。
“前景高度不均衡,”IMF首席经济学家西尔瓦娜·特雷罗(Silvana Tenreyro)在曼谷对记者说。报告指出,增长日益集中:目前32个国家贡献了全球95%的增长,而今年4月时这一数字还是54个国家。
IMF预计,2026年全球通胀将升至4.7%,明年回落至4.1%。
中国:内需疲软,下调至4.5%
IMF将中国今年的增长预期下调至4.5%,较7月的预测进一步小幅下调。据法新社报道,这一数字处于北京官方增长目标4.5%至5.0%的下沿——该目标已是数十年来最低。2025年,中国经济增率为5.0%。
IMF预计,中国经济2027年的增速将进一步放缓至4.0%,同样比此前预测低0.1个百分点。
法新社分析称,中国曾经繁荣的房地产行业已陷入多年危机,令消费者心生畏惧,抑制了经济活动——尽管出口以及人工智能、电动汽车等高科技行业正蓬勃发展。
AI热潮对中国的拉动作用也不容忽视。报告称,美国和中国合计占全球计算机芯片及其他AI相关设备净进口需求的四分之三以上。
德国:较大幅度上调0.6个百分点
IMF较大幅度上调了德国的增长预期。IMF预计德国今年国内生产总值(GDP)将增长1.3%,比7月的预测高出0.6个百分点。
对于2027年,IMF预计德国经济将增长1.1%,比7月的预测上调0.1个百分点。
IMF预计,使用欧元的21个国家今年将增长1.1%,比此前预期高0.2个百分点;2027年将增长1.2%。
印度:全球增速最快,预计7.0%
在亚洲,印度再次被预测为全球增长最快的主要经济体,今年增速预计为7.0%,比此前上调0.6个百分点,但低于去年7.7%的增速。IMF将此归因于人口结构有利、国内市场庞大且不断扩大,以及持续的结构性改革。
台湾:上调至惊人的10.7%
受全球AI芯片需求激增的推动,IMF将韩国今年的增长预期上调至3.3%,台湾更上调至惊人的10.7%。不过,AI产业格局高度集中,仅台湾和韩国就占相关计算组件净贸易的62%。日本今年的增长预期为0.7%,上调0.1个百分点,首相高市早苗推出的财政措施部分缓解了燃料价格飙升的冲击。
美国今年和明年的增长预计都将稳定在2.3%。发达经济体整体今年预计增长2.1%,明年放缓至1.9%。
受能源冲击影响较大的地区则前景黯淡。新兴市场和发展中经济体今年的增速预计将从2025年的4.5%放缓至3.7%,明年回升至4.4%。中东和中亚经济预计今年将出现萎缩。
风险警示:AI泡沫、债务与通胀
IMF警告,全球增长的风险偏向下行。“世界经济已经显示出韧性,但这种韧性正承受压力,”特雷罗说,并称这种韧性“正在逼近极限”,当前的任务是“从应对危机转向重建”。
报告指出,战争持续时间延长和地缘政治紧张,可能重新点燃通胀压力,加重财政和对外收支负担,并对能源进口国和低收入国家打击最大。与此同时,如果市场对AI相关利润和生产率提升的预期被重新评估,当前的技术顺风可能戛然而止,进而导致投资下滑、金融条件收紧。
政策建议:削减赤字,加息抗通胀
IMF呼吁各国改善公共财政、控制不断攀升的债务。特雷罗表示,在借贷成本高企的当下,这一点尤为关键。她敦促各国开始削减预算以减少赤字;在缓解民众高能源价格负担的财政措施上,只采取临时性和有针对性的措施。
她同时表示,货币政策应继续坚定地以物价稳定为目标,暗示央行加息以遏制通胀是适当的。
AI outlook — possibilities, not facts
各国央行将维持或提高利率以遏制通胀
Likely · Within months

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