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BackLTN經濟通》皇帝命乞丐身?石油大國人民卻苦哈哈
LTN經濟通》皇帝命乞丐身?石油大國人民卻苦哈哈
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自由时报3 hours agoBusiness3 min readChinaView translation

LTN經濟通》皇帝命乞丐身?石油大國人民卻苦哈哈

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馬杜羅被美國軍方逮捕後,委內瑞拉通膨率持續攀升,2月達617.9%、3月峰值649.5%,石油產量下降限制美元流入,民眾需打多份工維生,雖有投資湧入但未見改善,並伴隨世紀強震與頻繁示威,社會動盪加劇。

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Why It Matters

馬杜羅被美國軍方逮捕後,委內瑞拉陷入嚴重通膨與經濟危機,石油產量下降限制美元流入,民眾生活困苦,需打多份工維生。

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馬杜羅政府下台後,委內瑞拉仍深陷通膨的泥沼之中。(法新社資料照)

委內瑞拉今年通膨率已逾600%

〔財經頻道/綜合報導〕美軍今年1月突襲委內瑞拉,逮捕時任總統馬杜羅(Nicolás Maduro),川普政府在當時承諾,隨著馬杜羅下台,委內瑞拉將迎來經濟繁榮,然而現實卻是陷入通膨的泥沼之中。

早在美國推翻馬杜羅政權前,在強硬的制裁下,委內瑞拉的通膨率居高不下,2025年達到475%為世界最高。馬杜羅被捕後,委內瑞拉的石油一直處於華盛頓的監管之下,1月石油產量下降21%,跌至每日78萬桶,出口驟降直接限制了民眾急需的美元流入,進一步推升了物價壓力,通膨年率在今年2月飆升至617.9%、3月達到649.5%高點。

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對於委內瑞拉人來說,他們多年來飽受社會主義治理不善和美國主導的懲罰性制裁之苦,期盼中的經濟繁榮遙不可及。儘管石油大亨和投資銀行正積極前往卡拉卡斯尋找投資機會,在首都內,普通人卻必須打兩三份工才能勉強維持生計。

馬杜羅被捕後,委內瑞拉通膨年率一度衝上649.5%高點。(美聯社資料照)

民眾須打3份工才能維持生計

儘管近期通膨略有放緩,但根據委國央行數據,今年9月,委內瑞拉通膨率仍比去年同期高出465.5%,在1到8月通膨率皆突破500%,更一度來到近650%,是全球最高的通膨率之一。委內瑞拉代理總統羅德里格斯(Delcy Rodríguez)夏季時將每月最低收入調漲至240美元(約新台幣7674元),但這對於普通家庭要維持生計而言只是杯水車薪。

一名55歲的護士塞伊(Berta Say)直言,看不到改變在哪,並稱自己必須打好幾分零工,同時要照顧病人、賣蛋糕才能負擔得起房租、水費和網路費。

他在今年5月參與了示威遊行,抗議政府薪資成長幅度不足,塞伊表示,民眾已經堅持了數個月的時間,大家曾滿懷希望,以為改變即將到來,但一切都還是老樣子,飢餓和苦難仍然存在。

委內瑞拉石油日產量一直徘徊在100萬桶左右,遠低於1990年代末期超過320萬桶的日產量。(歐新社資料照)

委國石油藏量世界第一

委內瑞拉石油蘊藏量超過3000億桶,世界排名第一。但豐富的石油藏量並未給這個國家帶來多大的經濟效益與人民幸福。

隨著美國鬆綁管制,委內瑞拉的石油出口逐步升至7年來最高水位,石油銷售獲得的美元開始回流至經濟,有助於穩定匯率,並縮小官方匯率和黑市匯率之間的差距。川普政府放寬了對委內瑞拉央行和部份國有銀行的管制。國際貨幣基金自2019年來再次與委內瑞拉政府進行談判。

但馬杜羅下台後,投資幾乎沒有流入,今年1月以來,該國石油日產量一直徘徊在100萬桶左右,儘管高於2020年美國制裁開始生效後的50萬桶,但遠低於1990年代末期超過320萬桶的日產量。

新的石油交易和合約大多數都是秘密進行,美國財政部正在向委國經濟注入美元,但具體細節注入多少資金、這些資金如何應用、企業獲得了哪些優惠等,卻難以得知。

一名委內瑞拉投資銀行家表示,世界各地的投資人趁著這波浪潮來到卡拉卡斯,他們想炒作委內瑞拉的復甦故事,有些人抱持不切實際的期望,希望以極低的價格購買商品,有些人認為委內瑞拉會像戰爭結束後的烏克蘭,或是政權垮台後的古巴,而大多數人最後都沒簽合約就離開了。

這名投行家指出,併購交易至少需要6個月才能完成,因此他認為,能在今年內走到最後一哩路的人恐怕寥寥無幾。

今年6月,委內瑞拉發生世紀強震。(法新社資料照)

6月地震重創經濟

今年6月,委內瑞拉遭遇了一個多世紀以來最強烈的地震,這對於該國來說是雪上加霜。如此規模的自然災害嚴重打擊人們脆弱的經濟復甦希望,由於多年來經濟衰退和公共服務投資不足,委國的基礎設施從醫院到電力、水資源,都難以應對這類危機。

連續兩次的地震造成超過6千人死亡,聯合國預估,地震造成的直接物質損失高達370億美元(約新台幣1.18兆元),其中有240億美元(約新台幣7670.40億元)的建築物損失,包括房屋、企業、學校、醫院和公共設施,以及另外130億美元(約新台幣4154.80億元)基礎設施損失。

地震後,美國地質調查局的早期模型預估,整體經濟損失可能在100億美元(約新台幣3196億元)至1000億美元(約新台幣3.19兆元)之間,高標就相當於委內瑞拉整個經濟規模。

委內瑞拉每天都有大量民眾走上街頭示威,截至9月底,今年已有接近4200起示威。(路透資料照)

委內瑞拉目前正處於美國主導的轉型期,轉型優先可慮穩定和經濟復甦,透過石油投資來實現,但委國民眾至今仍未感受到這些投資帶來的好處。

委內瑞拉民眾並沒有像川普幾個月前所說的「在街頭載歌載舞」,而是每天都有大量民眾走上街頭示威,抗議生活困頓、人權受到侵害,並要求透過選舉實現政府輪替,這是2024年選舉舞弊事件後,民間的主要訴求之一。

馬杜羅被捕後,委內瑞拉承諾的政治過渡期已經過數個月,但時間似乎愈拖愈久,這也使得人民重返街頭。根據統計,2025年,委內瑞拉僅出現約160起示威遊行,而2026年截至9月底,已接近4200起示威,光是8月就有超過650起抗議活動,平均每天22起,其中近3分之1是因為停電而發起。

大批民眾在委內瑞拉各地舉行示威遊行,他們的訴求包括提高薪資、制定選舉時間表、釋放因政治因素被拘留的人,以及讓反對派領袖、諾貝爾和平獎得主返回卡拉卡斯。

工會領袖薩拉札爾(Carlos Salazar)表示,他們堅持走上街頭的訴求包括,獲得體面的薪資和養老金,這些已被凍結多年,大部份被獎金取代,恢復基本公共服務,以及終止反對派領袖馬查多(María Corina Machado)回國的禁令。希望能在今年12月舉行總統大選,且所有政治犯都獲釋。

一手掌握經濟脈動 點我訂閱自由財經Youtube頻道

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 委內瑞拉將在今年12月舉行總統大選,並釋放所有政治犯

    Possible · Within months

  • 美國將繼續向委內瑞拉經濟注入美元以穩定匯率

    Likely · Within months

Open Questions

  • 美國對委內瑞拉的經濟援助具體金額與使用方式是什麼?
  • 新一輪談判與國際貨幣基金的結果將如何影響委內瑞拉經濟?
  • 世紀強震後的重建進度與國際援助分配情況如何?
  • 示威活動是否會促使政府加快政治過渡與選舉安排?

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