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BackLTN經濟通》出走怨偶想回歸?歐洲的大難題
LTN經濟通》出走怨偶想回歸?歐洲的大難題
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自由时报1 hour agoBusiness3 min readChinaView translation

LTN經濟通》出走怨偶想回歸?歐洲的大難題

Quick Look

英國首相柏南在工黨大會公開表示脫歐弊大於利,首次將重返歐盟納入政治選項。民調顯49%支持重返,28.5%反對,54.9%視脫歐為失敗。文章分析英鎊匯率走勢、GDP影響及歐盟內部困境,指出重返需經歐盟27國一致同意,流程複雜且無固定時間表。

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Why It Matters

英國於2016年透過公投決定脫離歐盟,時至今日已屆十年。脫歐後英鎊匯率曾單日重貶近10%,長期來看未能回復至公投前水平。多項研究顯示脫歐對英國GDP、生產力、投資及貿易造成負面影響。

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英國「脫歐」至今已經10年,開始探討是否重返歐盟。(路透)

脫歐「弊大於利」!英首相鬆口重返歐盟

〔財經頻道/綜合報導〕英國脫歐十年後,倫敦的政治風向正在出現一個過去幾年幾乎不能公開碰觸的變化。英國首相柏南(Andy Burnham)日前在工黨大會公開表示,「脫歐造成的危害大於好處」(Brexit has done more harm than good)。他認為,英國不能再讓與歐洲的關係懸而未決,政府將重新檢視未來十年的方向。

更值得注意的是,柏南沒有像前任首相施凱爾(Keir Starmer)一樣,把重新加入歐盟、單一市場與關稅同盟全部畫成紅線。他提出的可能選項,從維持目前制度、加入關稅同盟、重新加入單一市場,到「一路走到底」重新成為歐盟會員,都可以討論。

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換句話說,英國政府第一次正式把「重返歐盟」放回政治選項桌上,但並不等於第二次公投已經決定舉行。

根據柏南目前的說法,先評估每一種模式「做不做得到、利弊是什麼」,並預計在今年稍後的英歐峰會前後提出更完整方向,至於重新入盟究竟要透過下屆大選取得授權,還是之後再舉行一次全民公投,目前都沒有定案。

這場政治轉向背後,英國民意也出現明顯變化。根據2026年最新多項權威民調,The Messina Group 進行、樣本數高達 11,461 人的大型民調顯,支持重返歐盟高達49%,反對重返歐盟為28.5%。值得注意的是,高達54.9%的受訪者直接將「英國脫歐」(Brexit)定義為一場「失敗」。另外,作為英國最頂尖的民調機構YouGov的長期追蹤數據也顯示了相同的趨勢。

英國「脫歐」10年後經濟帳單浮現。(路透)

脫歐曾造成英鎊單日重貶10%

探討英國脫歐後遺症有多大,英鎊匯率(GBP)是最直觀的金融晴雨表。表面上看,英鎊並沒有像許多極端預測般「崩盤」,但拉長觀察時間軸,英鎊的軌跡揭示了英國經濟結構的深刻變化。

分析師指出,英鎊短線強勢,以對歐元(GBP/EUR)的相對抗跌在近期的匯率市場中,維持在1.17至1.18區間。這種短線強勢並非因為英國經濟極度強勁,而是因為「相對優勢」,其背後是英國央行(BoE)維持較高的基準利率以遏制服務業通膨,而歐洲央行(ECB)面對德法經濟停滯,降息預期更為濃厚,利差效應支撐了英鎊對歐元的短期走勢。

但是,如果將時間軸拉回到2016年6月脫歐公投前,英鎊對歐元高達1.30-1.32,英鎊對美元(GBP/USD)高達1.48–1.50。

分析師指出,脫歐結果出爐後,英鎊兌美元單日暴跌近10%,創自由浮動匯率時代最大單日跌幅之一。根據英格蘭銀行資料,2016年6月23日英鎊兌美元為1.4798,隔日降至1.3621,數週後更跌破1.30。10年過去,英鎊雖已遠離Brexit最恐慌的低點,但至今仍未重新站回公投前的高位。

與此同時,若談英國的國內生產毛額(GDP)表現,根據多項經濟研究與機構評估,英國脫歐後的整體經濟與GDP表現普遍不如留在歐盟的情況。

專家表示,英國脫歐更深層的影響反映在生產力、投資與貿易。英國預算責任辦公室(OBR)目前仍假設,英國離開歐盟單一市場與關稅同盟、改採現行英歐貿易合作協定後,長期生產力將比留在歐盟低約4%。OBR認為,主要原因不是關稅本身,而是非關稅壁壘增加,限制比較利益發揮;其過去估計也顯示,英國長期貿易密集度可能比留歐情境低約15%。

另一份估計更高。2025年底公布、2026年修訂的美國國家經濟研究局(NBER)研究,由史丹佛大學Nicholas Bloom等6名學者利用總體資料及英國企業Decision Maker Panel長期調查估算;截至2025年底,Brexit可能已使英國GDP比「沒有脫歐」的反事實情境低6%至8%,企業投資低12%至13%、就業低3%至4%,生產力低3%至4%。

分析師指出,6%至8%並不是「英國GDP真的下降8%」,而是模型估計英國經濟如果沒有脫歐,本來可能走到更高的位置,兩者之間形成差距。

歐盟雙引擎失速,英國回歸能為歐洲經濟加分嗎?外媒這麼說。(路透)

英國回歸能替歐洲加分嗎?

專家指出,在討論英國重返歐盟時,不能單從英國視角出發,也必須檢視歐盟(特別是德法兩大核心)當前的經濟困境。這件事的關鍵是,英國準備回去,也不是2016年的那個歐洲,因為目前德法兩國正陷經濟寒冬。

歐盟執委會今年5月預估,歐盟2026年經濟成長僅1.1%,歐元區更只有0.9%。兩大核心經濟體德國與法國的問題尤其明顯。德國在連續2年衰退後,2025年經濟也只成長0.2%,2026年預估0.6%;能源成本、製造業競爭力與投資疲弱仍拖累經濟。

現今,德國政府已經轉向大規模財政擴張,歐盟執委會估計財政赤字將由2025年的GDP 2.7%擴大到2026年的3.7%。

法國問題更棘手。歐盟執委會預估法國2026年成長僅0.8%,財政赤字仍高達GDP的5.1%,政府債務則可能從2025年的115.6%升至2027年的120%以上。近期,法國公債殖利率急升,十年期公債殖利率一度突破5%。《路透》甚至指出,法德十年債殖利率差一度擴大至歐債危機以來高點之一。

分析指出,歐盟至今仍是英國最大貿易夥伴。英國國會下議院圖書館統計,2025年英國對歐盟貨品與服務出口約3840億英鎊,占全部出口41%;自歐盟進口4720億英鎊,占50%。因此,英國雖然政治上離開了歐盟,經濟地理卻沒有搬家,如果重新進入單一市場甚至歐盟,仍可能形成互補。

英國若回歸,能給歐洲經濟加分嗎?專家認為,至少從貿易、服務、資本市場與戰略能力來看,確實存在明顯的互補空間。法媒報導,如今大多數英國人對脫歐感到後悔,大量研究表明,如果英國沒有脫離歐盟,其經濟增長會更加強勁;從理性角度來看,融入歐洲市場將使英國經濟獲益匪淺。

歐洲政策智庫(CER)指出,更緊密的英歐經濟關係,會透過更大的競爭與經濟活力(competition and dynamism)讓雙方受益,更重要的是,英國仍然是歐洲領先的外交、軍事和情報強國之一。該智庫直言,英國與歐盟是歐洲最重要的兩個經濟與戰略參與者,如果雙方在利益重疊的領域持續分裂,歐洲整體實力將會受到削弱。

英國首相柏南說,希望「有生之年」看到英國重新加入歐盟。(路透)

重歸於好之路漫長

柏南說,希望「有生之年」看到英國重新加入歐盟。乍聽之下有些奇怪:2016年英國靠一場公投決定離開,如果現在民意真的反轉,再投一次不就好了?但問題就在於,即使第二次公投真的出現,而且「重返歐盟」勝出,也只能決定英國想開始回去,不能決定何時真的回得去,更何況柏南目前也沒有承諾立即舉行公投。

Reuters Breakingviews的確分析,柏南可能先以親歐立場參加大選,再尋求公投授權,但這不是《歐盟條約》第49條要求的固定步驟。專家指出,現今英國是歐盟眼中的第三國,如果要重新加入,必須依《歐盟條約》第49條重新申請,這才是真正困難之處。

簡單來說,新會員加入需要歐盟27個會員國一致同意,當中任何一個會員國都可能在預算、農業、漁業、司法或其他政策領域提出談判要求,之後取得歐洲議會同意;完成談判後,入盟條約還必須由所有相關國家依各自憲政程序批准。這意味,即使英國選民再投一次「Yes」,也不能單方面決定回歐盟。

分析指出,英國過去在歐盟中的特殊之處,不只在會員資格本身,更在於多年談判累積下來的一系列豁免與特殊安排。

在「英國脫歐」(Brexit)之前,英國在歐盟內一直不是普通會員。它沒有使用歐元;沒有全面加入申根區,因此仍能維持自己的邊境管制,歷史上還有著名的英國預算回扣(UK rebate),以及在司法與內政等領域的特殊安排。

其中,最敏感的是歐元。今天的新EU會員原則上都承諾在符合條件後採用歐元;英國當年的「永久opt-out」是1990年代馬斯垂克條約談判時取得的特殊安排。如果重新以新會員加入,英國並沒有法律上的既得權要求自動恢復這項豁免。

這些待遇都是英國在不同年代、不同條約談判中逐項爭取出來的,而不是歐盟會員的標準配備。現今,英國退出歐盟,這些舊安排就隨會員資格終止。未來如果依《歐盟條約》第49條重新加入,沒有任何條約條文保證舊opt-outs會自動復活。

專家指出,英國可以要求,但能不能拿到就是27國談判的一部分,也可能是一張條件完全不同的新會員卡。

脫歐只需一張票,回去卻沒那麼簡單,英國需要闖過好幾關。對於,英國想返回的整個過程會花多久時間,歐盟沒有固定答案,談判快慢取決於英國願意接受多少歐盟法律、單一市場規則,以及27國之間能否形成政治共識。因此,柏南的「有生之年」說,並不代表英國加入歐盟真的需要幾十年,而是反映一個政治現實:沒有人敢保證時間表。

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What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 英國將在今年稍後的英歐峰會前後提出更完整的重返歐盟方向

    Likely · Within months

  • 英國重返歐盟將需經過歐盟27國一致同意的漫長談判過程

    Very likely · Within months

Open Questions

  • 英國重返歐盟將透過大選授權還是全民公投?
  • 歐盟27國是否會同意英國重新加入?
  • 若重返,英國是否能恢復過去的歐元opt-out等特殊安排?
  • 重返談判預計需時多久?

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