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BackLTN經濟通》物產豐饒大國 卻苦於三高?
LTN經濟通》物產豐饒大國 卻苦於三高?
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自由时报23 minutes agoBusiness4 min readChinaView translation

LTN經濟通》物產豐饒大國 卻苦於三高?

現任總統以超過五成得票率連任,金融市場擔憂債務惡化與財政壓力

Quick Look

巴西總統大選第二輪投票於2026年10月25日落幕,現任總統魯拉以約51.8%得票率擊敗波索納洛,第四度當選。選舉結果出爐後,巴西股市、匯率及債券同步遭遇賣壓,Bovespa指數終場下挫13.88%,雷亞爾兌美元重貶近12%,市場擔憂魯拉第四任期將加劇債務與財政壓力。

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Why It Matters

魯拉1945年10月27日出生於巴西東北部伯南布哥州貧困家庭,童年隨家人搬到聖保羅州。他年輕時進入工廠工作,後投入工會運動,成為金屬工人領袖,並在1970年代末期帶領大規模罷工。1980年參與創立勞工黨,曾多次競選總統失利,直到2002年首度當選,於2003年至2010年連續執政。2022年擊敗時任總統波索納洛,第三度當選,並於2023年1月重返總統府。2026年大選再度勝選,將迎來第四個任期。

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巴西總統大選第二輪投票於2026年10月25日順利落幕,現任總統魯拉,以超過五成得票率勝選。(法新資料照)

魯拉勝選 重挫巴西股匯市

〔財經頻道/綜合報導〕巴西總統大選第二輪投票於2026年10月25日順利落幕,力拚連任的現任總統魯拉(Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva),以超過五成得票率勝選,不僅成為巴西總統選舉史上首位在第二輪逆轉勝候選人,也成為該國首位四度執政的領袖。不過選舉結果卻讓金融市場大感意外,巴西股市、匯率及債券隔日同步遭遇賣壓。

巴西位於南美洲東部,是拉丁美洲面積最大的國家,也是全球重要的新興市場之一。根據世界銀行資料,巴西人口約2.13億,擁有豐富的自然資源及龐大的內需市場,經濟活動涵蓋農業、礦業、能源、製造業及服務業。

巴西也是全球重要的農產品與原物料出口國,大豆、咖啡、牛肉、鐵礦砂及原油均占有重要地位。其中,大豆、咖啡與牛肉是巴西重要的農業出口項目,鐵礦砂則讓巴西在全球鋼鐵供應鏈中具有一定影響力。

此外,巴西也是全球重要的石油生產國,擁有豐富的深海油田資源。由於出口商品與國際大宗商品價格高度連動,巴西經濟容易受到全球景氣、美元走勢及原物料行情影響。

然而,巴西經濟並非沒有隱憂。儘管擁有龐大的市場規模與自然資源,國內貧富差距、公共財政、基礎建設不足及生產力問題,長期都是政府必須面對的挑戰。

巴西總統魯拉。(歐新資料照)

魯拉四度當選巴西總統

1945年10月27日出生的魯拉,現年80歲,出身於巴西東北部伯南布哥州(Pernambuco)的貧困家庭,童年時期隨家人搬到聖保羅州尋找工作機會。

根據資料,他年輕時進入工廠工作,後來投入工會運動,成為金屬工人領袖,並在1970年代末期帶領大規模罷工。當時巴西仍處於軍事獨裁統治下,工會運動也成為反對軍政府的重要力量。

1980年,魯拉參與創立勞工黨(PT),從工會領袖轉型為全國性政治人物。他曾多次競選總統失利,直到2002年首度當選,並於2003年至2010年連續執政。任內推動社會福利與減貧政策,逐漸成為拉丁美洲左派政治的重要代表人物。

在魯拉第一、第二任期內,巴西受惠於全球原物料需求強勁及經濟成長,政府也透過社會福利計畫改善低收入家庭生活,其中最具代表性的政策就是「家庭補助計畫」(Bolsa Família),透過現金補助協助貧困家庭。

不過,魯拉卸任後,巴西政局與經濟陷入動盪。他所屬勞工黨政府捲入貪腐調查,魯拉本人也曾因貪腐案件遭到定罪並入獄,直到巴西最高法院推翻相關判決、恢復其參選資格,才重新回到政治舞台。

2022年,魯拉擊敗時任總統波索納洛(Jair Bolsonaro),第三度當選總統,並於2023年1月重返總統府。如今再度贏得2026年大選,將迎來第四個任期,也讓這位從工廠工人出身的政治人物,再次成為國際焦點。

魯拉是巴西知名政治人物。(法新資料照)

市場擔憂巴西債務惡化

根據《彭博》報導,投資人原先押注右翼候選人小波索納洛勝選,期待新政府能夠推動財政整頓、改善公共財政,因此選前巴西金融資產曾出現一波漲勢。然而,魯拉最終勝出,讓原本的選舉交易迅速反轉。

在這次選舉中,魯拉以約51.8%的得票率擊敗波索納洛(Flavio Bolsonaro),這對擔心波索納洛家族再次掌權、司法制度遭到清算、環境政策全面倒退的人而言,是場重要勝利。

但《路透》指出,巴西公共債務在魯拉本屆任期內增加超過10個百分點,目前已超過國內生產毛額(GDP)的82%,政府融資成本也因此承受壓力。由於多年來法定支出持續增加,聯邦預算中能夠自由調整的部分不到8%,使政府削減支出更加困難。

市場的擔憂也迅速反映在金融資產上。選舉結果出爐後,港媒26日報導,日本掛牌的巴西股市ETF於盤中一度暴挫16%,創下2020年新冠疫情初期以來最大單日盤中跌幅;芝加哥商品交易所(CME)的雷亞爾(Real)貨幣衍生品合約報價一度逼近5.55至5.60兌1美元。

巴西通膨與高利率問題同樣棘手

10月26日選舉結果出爐後,巴西股市開盤後,Bovespa指數盤中一度大跌超過17%,且觸發暫停交易30分鐘,終場下挫28474.33點或13.88%,收176608.23點。

此外,路透社報導,巴西貨幣雷亞爾(real)兌美元匯價在早盤即期交易中重貶近12%,創史上單日最大漲跌幅之一。

分析指出,這一切歸於魯拉贏得連任,大選結果讓投資人感到意外並擔憂會帶給國家債務更大壓力。

除了選舉結果,巴西原本就面臨沉重的利息支出。根據《路透》10月29日報導,巴西截至9月的12個月利息支出已達GDP的8.99%,是2016年1月以來最高水準;加上初級財政赤字,名目財政赤字達GDP的9.51%。巴西基準利率則維持在13.75%,高利率進一步增加政府舉債成本。

《路透》分析,魯拉第四任期最大的挑戰之一,就是如何在維持社會福利與經濟成長的同時,改善政府財政。他在競選期間承諾維持最低工資實質成長,並擴大部分社會福利政策,但這些措施也可能增加政府長期支出。

另一方面,巴西通膨與高利率問題同樣棘手。高昂的借貸成本不僅增加企業融資負擔,也讓家庭債務壓力持續升高。魯拉雖希望透過經濟成長及財政紀律創造降息空間,但若政府支出持續擴張,市場對通膨與債務的疑慮恐難消除。

大選結束後,市場的擔憂迅速反映在金融資產。示意圖。(彭博資料照)

魯拉面臨更加保守的國會

政治方面,魯拉也將面臨更加保守的國會。《路透》分析,波索納洛所屬自由黨及其盟友在國會兩院具有相當影響力,未來魯拉若想推動預算、稅制及財政改革,勢必需要與反對勢力協商。

因此,有分析認為,魯拉的連任,雖保住了巴西環境機構、選舉制度與多邊外交的基本方向,但自由黨在國會擴張,保守派掌握兩院優勢,波索納洛又拒絕承認敗選並要求撤銷結果,使巴西民主仍處在高度對抗狀態。

此外,巴西政府也必須處理稅制改革、家庭負債及企業投資等問題。尤其巴西消費稅改革已經啟動,新的增值稅制度預計於2027年1月開始實施,後續如何落實,也將影響企業與消費者的負擔。而魯拉能否在第四個任期重新取得金融市場信任,將是巴西未來幾年最重要的課題。

一手掌握經濟脈動 點我訂閱自由財經Youtube頻道

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 魯拉第四任期將面臨國會保守勢力的阻力,預算與財政改革難以順利通過

    Likely · Within months

  • 巴西公共債務與財政赤字將繼續承受壓力,市場對通膨與債務的疑慮難以消除

    Likely · Within months

  • 巴西民主將繼續處於高度對抗狀態,波索納洛拒絕承認敗選可能引發進一步政治危機

    Possible · Within weeks

Open Questions

  • 魯拉第四任期將如何平衡社會福利與財政紀律?
  • 魯拉能否在保守國會中成功推動預算、稅制及財政改革?
  • 波索納洛拒絕承認敗選的行動將如何影響巴西民主穩定?
  • 新的增值稅制度於2027年1月實施後,對企業與消費者的具體影響為何?

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