MI5 is devoting more resource to countering state threats than during the Cold War, the head of the intelligence service has said.
Sir Ken McCallum said Russia remained "aggressor number one", and warned MI5 was now facing a situation in which "our terrorism and state threats operational missions are pretty much of equal scale" because threats from foreign adversaries have "quadrupled".
He used an annual speech at the domestic intelligence service's headquarters in London to also warn of rising threats from Iran and "extreme right-wing terrorism".
Sir Ken also said MI5 had "caught terrorists seeking to exploit AI", including by integrating the technology with drones - and warned the UK "must stay ahead" of the risk of new bioweapons being developed by violent groups.
The MI5 head said Russia was waging "hybrid warfare" while carefully avoiding triggering a joint response from Nato, a line which he said the Kremlin would be "foolish to cross".
Sir Ken said Russia had stopped short of "conventional conflict", and is instead trying to unsettle European countries while its progress in its full-scale invasion of Ukraine is "minimal and horrifically costly".
He said MI5's successes in identifying and expelling Russian spies from the UK had left the Kremlin dependent on paying proxies for attempted attacks.
He continued: "With its traditional covert footprint eviscerated by almost 1,000 expulsions since the invasion, the Kremlin's global toolkit is weak. So we see them scrambling to pay criminals to do their bidding."
He added: "These are not the actions of a great power with the strategic upper hand."
Meanwhile, Sir Ken warned that Iran is also expanding a hybrid campaign in the UK.
The intelligence chief said MI5 had made over 50 arrests in the last year over Iran-linked activities.
Much of this Iranian aggression has been aimed at Jewish communities, Sir Ken added, and also at "harder targets, like military sites".
Sir Ken added that the National Security Act - a 2023 law designed to target people working against UK interests for foreign powers - is "in heavy use", and has been employed to tackle threats from China as well as Iran and Russia.
On the emerging threat posed by AI, Sir Ken said: "We've caught terrorists seeking to exploit AI to improve their reconnaissance and attack methodologies, with AI-enabled drones adding a new twist."
The threat he was most worried about, Sir Ken told Thames House, was extremist groups harnessing AI to make bioweapons.
He said that threat was "not yet realised" but warned the technology has the "potential to change the stakes on existing or even new bioweapons".
Sir Ken continued: "These risks are real. The UK Intelligence Community - MI5, GCHQ, MI6 - is working closely with the UK's globally respected AI Security Institute to take them on."
In April, the UK's terrorism threat level was raised to severe for the first time in five years, meaning an attack is highly likely.
Sir Ken said Islamist groups like Al Qaeda and so-called Islamic State both "continue to direct and inspire attacks", while the increased risk was also driven "in significant part" by extreme right-wing terrorism.
He continued: "Over the last year the most marked trend has been an increase in cases where extremist versions of anti-immigration and anti-Muslim grievance are tipping into terrorist intent."
Sir Ken said extreme right-wing terrorism tends to "skew young", driven by the internet - adding that MI5 had in recent months investigated a "radicalised extreme right-wing 13-year-old here in the UK".
He said: "That investigation generated insight that enabled one of our international partners to prevent a lethal attack on their soil."
