Representative Image (AI-generated)
A team of scientists has found that playing the sounds of a healthy coral reef underwater can attract substantially more young fish to a reef site. In a study published in Scientific Reports, researchers used an underwater speaker in Kāne‘ohe Bay, O‘ahu, to broadcast recordings made at a healthy reef. Cameras then monitored the treated and control sites. The researchers found that larval fish numbers increased around the new moon at both locations, but the site receiving the reef recordings attracted four to 14 times more larvae. The findings suggest that recreating natural reef sounds could potentially become another tool for supporting reef restoration.
Why reef sounds matter
Coral reefs are naturally noisy environments. Fish, snapping shrimp and other marine organisms create a complex underwater soundscape that can vary according to the activity and condition of a reef. For young fish larvae drifting through the ocean, these sounds can provide clues about where suitable habitat may be located. As larvae approach the end of their early life stage, they need to find places where they can settle and grow. Scientists have previously suggested that degraded reefs may produce different or weaker acoustic signals than healthy reefs. This has raised the possibility of using recordings from healthy reefs to make damaged or artificial habitats more attractive to young fish. The approach is known as acoustic enrichment, in which sounds recorded from a healthy reef are played back at another location.
The experiment in Hawai‘i
The researchers conducted the experiment in Kāne‘ohe Bay on O‘ahu, Hawai‘i. They established treatment and control sites on a sandy seabed about four to five metres deep. The sites were separated by roughly 42 to 65 metres and were located close to natural reef outcrops. Both locations had similar artificial structures and monitoring equipment. The main difference was that an underwater speaker at one site played recordings from a healthy reef, while an identical speaker at the control site remained silent. The researchers also switched the treatment and control locations during different deployments. This helped them determine whether differences in fish numbers were associated with the recordings rather than simply with the location. The healthy reef recordings were made nearby and captured sounds produced by organisms including reef fish and snapping shrimp.
Cameras monitored the fish
Instead of relying only on divers, the scientists used autonomous cameras to observe the experimental sites. The cameras were deployed during several spawning periods in 2023 and 2024. They recorded fish activity alongside hydrophones and artificial habitat structures. The researchers then analysed the footage to determine how many fish larvae and mature fish were present at the two sites. Using cameras allowed the team to monitor the locations for longer periods while reducing the disturbance that could occur if divers repeatedly entered the area.
Four to 14 times more baby fish
The strongest difference appeared among larval fish. The researchers found that larval numbers at both sites tended to rise around the new moon, indicating that the lunar cycle influenced when larvae appeared. However, the location playing the healthy reef recordings attracted four to 14 times more larvae than the control location. The response was different among mature fish. The researchers found similar numbers of mature fish at the two sites. One possible explanation is that mature fish can travel over much greater distances than newly settled larvae. Because the experimental sites were relatively close together, adult fish could move between them.
The attraction was temporary
The researchers also found that the effect did not continue indefinitely. Although more larvae gathered at the location playing healthy reef recordings, they dispersed from the site in less than 48 hours. This suggests that attracting young fish is only one part of successful reef restoration. The habitat must also provide suitable conditions that allow those fish to remain and grow. The researchers therefore suggest that playing natural reef sounds could be more useful when combined with physical habitat restoration rather than being used by itself.
What this could mean for reef restoration
Fish are an important part of coral reef ecosystems. Some species help control algae, while others contribute to food webs and other ecological processes. If healthy reef recordings can encourage more young fish to reach degraded areas, the approach could potentially help restore fish communities where natural recruitment has declined. However, the study does not demonstrate that playing reef sounds alone can restore damaged coral ecosystems. It shows that underwater sounds from healthy reefs can influence the behaviour of young fish and encourage them towards a particular location. The researchers also noted that their underwater speaker produced sound from a single point. Future restoration projects could potentially use several speakers to create a larger soundscape, although this would require additional testing and power.
More research is needed
The study also highlights the usefulness of autonomous cameras for observing fish behaviour without constant human presence. There were limitations, including difficulties identifying every larval fish to species level and some camera failures. Future studies could combine playback with other monitoring methods to better understand which species respond and whether attracted larvae survive after settling. For now, the Hawai‘i experiment provides evidence that the sounds of a healthy reef can influence where young fish gather. The underwater soundscape may therefore be more than background noise: it could be one of the signals that helps guide young fish towards potential habitat.
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