
新加坡总理黄循财宣布‘新加坡养儿育女配套’,为每名孩子提供近7万新币政府补助,旨在减轻家庭养育经济负担以应对0.87的历史低生育率。然而,受访者指出,时间、职场压力、社会期望和教育竞争等非经济因素才是生育决策的主要障碍,金钱补贴仅为必要条件而非充分诱因。
AI-generated summary
新加坡面临严重少子化问题,2025年总和生育率跌至0.87,全年新生儿不足3万,创历史新低,仅高于韩国。政府此前已多次推出生育奖励和家庭补助,但生育率持续下降。
(德国之声中文网)对刚步入婚姻的林雪妮和陈泳升来说,有孩子一直都在两人的人生清单上;但在新加坡,这不是一个能轻易实现的梦想。“在养育小孩这件事上,经济负担是最主要的考量之一。”陈泳升说。根据新加坡统计局,2025年该国的总和生育率已经跌至0.87、全年新生儿不足3万,创下历史新低。其生育率在全球范围内仅高于韩国,位列倒数第二。面对前所未有的少子化危机,新加坡总理黄循财在8月的国庆群众大会上宣布一系列育儿政策。其中,备受关注的“新加坡养儿育女配套”从孩子出生一路提供支持至17岁,每名孩子可获得近7万新币(近36.6万人民币;近175万台币)的政府补助,希望藉此减轻家庭长期养育孩子的经济负担。根据这项配套,孩子出生后的第一年,家长可先获得1万新币的“诞生礼”,以及5000新币的保健储蓄补助;儿童培育户头另有新币5000元的起始补助,之后存入户头的钱,政府还会配对填补最高5000新币。孩子1岁至16岁期间,每年可再获得2000新币的养儿育女补助;到了17岁,政府还会向中学后延续教育户头填补1万新币。“我看到这则新闻时的第一个反应是:‘哇,新加坡政府真的非常努力想要提高生育率。’”来自马来西亚、结婚后移居新加坡的林雪妮说。林雪妮和陈泳升都是年轻的白领上班族,但对他们来说,在生活成本高昂的新加坡,养育孩子仍是一笔不小的开销。若希望为孩子提供更好的成长条件,经济负担也更大。“经济上的支持,对孩子成长过程中的不同阶段都会有所帮助。不过我也希望政府未来能随著通货膨胀和生活成本上涨,进一步调高相关补助。”陈泳升说。对年轻夫妻而言,经济支持的确能减轻一部分成为父母后的现实压力。然而,砸钱鼓励生育,对新加坡政府而言并非新做法。多年来,当局持续加码各类生育奖励与家庭补助,但生育曲线仍未见起色。钱是必要条件 却不是生育诱因经济支持能否真正转化为生育意愿,是另一个问题。身为朝九晚五上班族的林雪妮更担心的是时间。若有了孩子,如何在工作之余腾出足够的时间照顾和陪伴孩子,是她主要的顾虑之一。“对我来说,如果放工(下班)之后还要兼顾孩子还有做家务,应该会非常地累。”她说。除了直接的经济补助,新加坡政府这次祭出的新政策也包含放宽育儿假制度、增加组屋(公共住宅)抽签机会等,希望为“想生但不敢生”的人扫除障碍。新加坡国立大学社会学家陈恩赐认为,政策重点正从过去直接鼓励民众生育,转向更强调以家庭为核心,确保家庭获得足够支持,并营造适合生育和养育孩子的环境。陈恩赐在接受DW访问时,以“双因素理论”(又称激励保健理论,hygiene theory and motivators theory)的概念解释。对新加坡人而言,金钱补贴是生育和养育孩子的必要条件,这可能改善了外在条件因素,却未必是促使人们决定生育的主要诱因,仍无法满足内在条件。“金钱以及政府提供的各种激励措施,更多属于保健因素(意指外在环境因素),这些都是必要的。但真正能推动人们生育的,是让他们对养儿育女感到安心和有信心。”他指:“钱很重要,但父母也必须拥有安全感、信心、时间和精力,以及足够的优质时间陪伴和养育孩子。”职场与社会文化成生育阻力盡管推出更多的生育鼓励政策,黄循财曾坦言,未必就能够有效提高生育率。新加坡国立大学政策研究所高级研究员Kalpana Vignehsa认为,结构性和文化性因素是影响生育意愿的重要原因。如果这些问题没有得到改善,新加坡的生育情况很难出现显著改变。其中,职场文化和社会压力是她认为最主要的挑战。新加坡人力部(MOM)统计显示,新加坡全职员工全年平均工时超过2200小时,远高于已开发国家约1750小时的平均水平。Kalpana向DW指出,长工时在新加坡职场已逐渐被视为常态。“正在考虑生小孩的伴侣会问:‘我真的有时间陪伴小孩吗?如果我根本没有多少时间见到自己的孩子,那生小孩的意义是什么?’。这是金钱没办法解决的问题。”职场文化带来的影响对女性尤其明显。Kalpana指出,职业女性在考虑生育时,也会衡量育儿可能带来的“机会成本”,包括对职涯、收入及退休储蓄的影响,而这些代价多数仍由母亲承担。“在我们的社会并没有充分肯定‘照护’的价值。现在女性也有自己的职涯,他们自然会问自己:‘我是否愿意承担这项成本?’”职场压力之外,新加坡竞争激烈的育儿文化也增加了生育顾虑。从课外补习到12岁的小学离校考试(PSLE),孩子从小便处于比较与考核的高压环境,父母也认为需要在每个孩子身上投入大量时间与金钱。这样的教育环境也为年轻世代增添另一层顾虑。他们会从自身的成长经历出发,思考是否愿意让下一代也承受同样的压力。“我们不仅要处理教育带来的压力,也要面对社会对‘好父母’的期待所带来的压力。”她说。“如果大家觉得当一个好父母的门槛实在太高,自然就会有人说:‘我不想玩这个游戏了。’
AI outlook — possibilities, not facts
新加坡政府将在未来1-2年内评估‘养儿育女配套’的生育率影响,并根据效果考虑是否加码或调整政策
Likely · Within months
职场文化改革(如减少工时、增加弹性工作)将成为提升生育率的关键议题,并可能在未来政策中获得更多重视
Possible · Within years

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