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Back德国人的恐惧研究:生活成本上涨成最大担忧
德国人的恐惧研究:生活成本上涨成最大担忧
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德国之声2 hours agoSociety5 min readChinaView translation

德国人的恐惧研究:生活成本上涨成最大担忧

R+V保险公司发布第35次“德国人的恐惧”年度研究,生活成本上升居首,对政界信任度低。

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德国R+V保险公司发布第35次“德国人的恐惧”研究报告。调查显示,生活成本持续上升成为德国民众最大的担忧,占比达59%;而对政界的信任度则处于较低水平,受访者评分为4.1分。

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Why It Matters

R+V保险公司自1990年代初两德统一以来,每年进行“德国人的恐惧”年度研究。

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(德国之声中文网)德国民众的参政热情达到了多年来的最高水平。这一点也体现在最近几次州议会选举的高投票率上。人们热烈讨论移民、即将进行的养老改革、医疗和护理、民主以及法治等议题。

不过他们最为担忧的,毫无疑问是:德国的生活成本将持续上升。

这正是“德国人的恐惧”研究的结果,该研究由R+V保险公司周四(10月1日)在柏林发布,已是第35次。自1990年代初、两德统一以来,这项年度研究每年都在进行。

本年度的研究,在5月初至7月底期间采集数据,对约2400名具有代表性的、年龄在14岁以上的德语使用者进行了访谈。调查显示,最主要的担忧,仍是对生活费用上涨的恐惧,多年来,这一恐惧一直位居该调查结果的首位。

人们的最大担忧:生活成本不断攀升

去年,有52%的人把日常生活费用的上涨列为最大担忧;到2026年这一比例已升至59%。参与研究的布朗-拉宾诺维奇(Grischa Brower‑Rabinowitsch)在柏林表示,“人们每天都在感受到日常生活的高昂费用。总体上,59%的民众担心自己的钱永远不够用来维持生活。”

作为顾问参与本次调研的马堡大学政治学者博鲁基(Isabelle Borucki)补充说,“能源、住房和食品等关键价格显著上涨,这导致用于休闲、度假和消费的可支配财富缩水。人们能够负担的东西越来越少。”

第二大担忧:更高税赋与削减福利

研究表明,人们非常清楚,德国的社会保障体系正处于严重危机之中。国家养老基金和护理保险长期赤字。大多数人也意识到,税赋和各类费用将会上涨,因此,今年对更高税赋的担忧比往年更为强烈。博鲁基表示,“对更高税收和削减福利的担忧,其背后是每个人对公平性的怀疑:谁来承担实现现代化的成本?我还能信赖国家曾经承诺的社会福利吗?”

移民、社会两极化、全球动荡这些在德语媒体占据主要版面的话题,在本次研究中是怎样的?

结果显示,将近52%的受访者担心难民数量会让国家不堪重负,这一担忧位列第三。

对特朗普的担忧在下降

布朗-拉宾诺维奇告知,45%的受访者担心,美国总统特朗普的政策会让世界更加危险,这明显低于他第一任期时的比例。2018年特朗普第一任期时进行的同一项调查中,有69%的德国人表示非常担忧。博鲁基在此提供了一个简单的解释,“经过多年持续的地缘政治警报,人们对这一状态早已习以为常。”

从整体看,今年人们的恐惧平均值为38%,是1991年该研究开展这项调查以来第二低的平均值。相比之下,2016年、也是就大量难民涌入德国的次年,人们的恐惧平均值约为52%。

对政界的评分很低

展望未来时,德国人的恐惧感明显低于预期。今年只有34%的人担心德国被卷入战争,而去年这一比例还是41%。

自1992年以来,该研究一直保留这样一个问题:您是否害怕失去工作?目前,只有20%在职者回答“是”。这是这项调查开始以来的最低值。

然而,受访者对政界的评价令人惊讶。无论是对执政阵营,还是对反对党,受访者可以像给学生的成绩打分那样,给政界人士评分,结果他们得到4.1分,即勉强及格。

政治学者博鲁基认为,现任总理默茨领导的联合政府应对此承担主要责任。现政府于2025年5月取代了由社民党、绿党和自民党组成的“红绿灯政府”。博鲁基表示,“红绿灯政府结束后,许多人把希望寄托在‘黑红联盟’身上,期待它展现更多的领导力、减少公开争吵,并迅速推动经济好转。但这些期待均未实现。铿锵的承诺与人们感受到的成果之间,出现了一道鸿沟。人们倍感失望,从而也正在失去对政界的信任。”

Open Questions

  • 新政府将如何应对生活成本上涨的危机?
  • 社会保障体系的赤字问题能否得到根本解决?

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This article was originally published by 德国之声.

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