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Back中吉乌铁路与中埃合作:一带一路互联互通从硬件到软件的深化
中吉乌铁路与中埃合作:一带一路互联互通从硬件到软件的深化
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中国新闻网1 hour agoWorld6 min readChinaView translation

中吉乌铁路与中埃合作:一带一路互联互通从硬件到软件的深化

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中吉乌铁路作为“一带一路”标志性工程,已写入中吉联合宣言,项目由三国推动,采用混合轨距方案,预计2031年通车,将缩短中欧运输时间7-8天并促进地区互联互通。同时,中埃苏伊士经贸合作区展示产业链合作成果,从单一项目向产业集群延伸,体现“一带一路”从硬联通向软联通、从点状到网状覆盖的战略升级,旨在构建亚非欧海陆空立体互联互通网络。

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Why It Matters

中吉乌铁路自1997年提出构想,2025年正式动工,连接中国、吉尔吉斯斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦,旨在缩短中欧陆路运输时间。中埃苏伊士经贸合作区自2008年启动,已吸引超200家企业入驻,形成产业集群。

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作为“一带一路”倡议的标志性工程,中吉乌铁路的建设本周传来了一系列重大消息,甚至被明确写入了中吉两国的联合宣言。

这条连接中国、吉尔吉斯斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦三国的铁路,多年来一直备受关注。建成后它将成为中国通往中东、欧洲的最短陆路通道,与现有中欧班列路线相比,能省下7到8天时间。有评论称,对于亚欧贸易,这条铁路的修建将带来一种革命性的变化。吉尔吉斯斯坦总统也形象地说,这条铁路对他们就像空气和水一样不可或缺。

从1997年提出构想,到2025年正式动工,这条铁路将怎样改变亚欧之间的互联互通,特别是作为“一带一路”上的新路,它又会产生什么样新的影响?

写入中吉两国联合宣言 这条铁路有多重要?

中吉两国联合宣言中提出,“保障中国-吉尔吉斯斯坦-乌兹别克斯坦铁路项目顺利、及时实施,为确保项目运量和效率创造良好互利条件”。舆论也注意到,在双方领导人会谈中,中吉乌铁路也成为高频词,中方称其为承载地区人民发展希望的“交通大动脉”,吉方则期待它成为新时代的“钢铁丝路”。

北京师范大学一带一路学院副院长 刘倩:中吉乌铁路是由三国元首亲自推动的,是共建“一带一路”合作的重大工程。在上合峰会这样高规格的场合重点讨论,其实已经表明它从具体的项目上升到了三国共同的政治共识和战略安排。

中吉乌铁路起点是我国新疆的喀什,途经吉尔吉斯斯坦阿尔帕、马克马尔等地,向西终至乌兹别克斯坦的安集延。作为南疆地区经济中心,长期以来,喀什的对外贸易主要依靠公路口岸。显然,中吉乌铁路的建成,将为南疆地区提供一条高效的对外通道。

在新疆北部霍尔果斯和阿拉山口,目前已有成熟的中欧班列西通道,经哈萨克斯坦,连接俄罗斯西伯利亚铁路,一路通向欧洲。而位于南侧的中吉乌铁路,将补充一条更快捷、更安全的通道,建成后将成为贯通中亚、辐射整个亚欧大陆的交通动脉。

2025年6月,吉尔吉斯斯坦境内段约304公里线路全面开工,占全线近六成,由三国政府授权企业合资成立的中吉乌铁路有限公司负责投融资、建设和运营。截至今年8月,这段铁路整体施工进度已达17%,而科什特伯北2号隧道顺利贯通,则标志着项目建设取得重要进展。

中吉乌铁路项目部总工程师 席继红:目前,整体进度按照预计的施工组织安排在推进,我们有信心它在2031年6月份达到通车条件。

紧锣密鼓的施工背后是三国对这条铁路的迫切需求。乌兹别克斯坦交通部副部长近日公开表示,希望将通车时间提前到2028年。

刘倩:乌兹别克斯坦是双重内陆国,长期受困于出海不便。中吉乌铁路是通往中国和亚太市场最便捷的陆路通道,早一天通车,对他们来说就是早一天受益。

对同样身处内陆的吉尔吉斯斯坦来说,中吉乌铁路的意义也显而易见。今年7月,吉尔吉斯斯坦总统直言本国“处在交通死胡同”,进出口高度受制于外部通道,而中吉乌铁路建成后,吉尔吉斯斯坦会成为连接中国与世界的重要门户。

从“硬联通”到“软联通” 轨距打开新格局

中吉乌铁路,从构想到修建,中间经历的过程非常艰难,首先体现在工程难度。但除了极其复杂地质条件,还有其他难题。在二十多年的谈判里,需要达成一系列共识,比如到底用哪种轨距的铁轨。从这条铁路可以看出,“一带一路”倡议走到今天,在设施“硬联通”之外,更大的影响是规则和标准以及各自经济发展动力的“软联通”。

在吉尔吉斯斯坦境内,采用哪种轨距的铁轨是中吉乌铁路漫长谈判中的一个焦点问题,也是规则标准“软联通”的一个典型缩影。

上海社会科学院 上海合作组织研究中心主任 李立凡:原先在吉尔吉斯斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦境内沿用的是苏联的1520毫米轨道,换轨是一个很艰巨的过程。因为如果货运量很大,这个标箱也很沉重,对装载、拆卸起重机都有很高的要求。

最终,铁轨建设采用了“混合轨距”。从中国口岸至马克马尔的167.537公里采用中国标准的轨距,剩余的138.768公里则沿用宽轨轨距,在马克马尔建设大型换装站。这个方案的标志性意义是中国1435毫米标准轨距首次实质性进入中亚腹地。

吉尔吉斯斯坦素有“山地之国”之称,铁路沿线集中了高原、高寒、高地震烈度、高地应力等“四高”挑战。在铁路建设中,从施工标准、材料规范,再到安全管理,中国技术、中国标准发挥着重要作用。

除了轨道联通,中吉乌铁路也离不开运营、海关检疫等方面的互联互通。中吉联合宣言提出,推进“单一窗口”机制互联互通、引入现代化海关监管和自动化海关管理机制。事实上,这样通关便利化的探索已经在吐尔尕特等口岸展开。

共建“一带一路”,互联互通是关键。有专家指出,深化制度、标准、规则的“软联通”,已经越来越成为高质量共建“一带一路”的优先目标。

中吉乌铁路开通后 对沿线国家将有哪些影响?

本周,除了中吉乌铁路,另一个同样具有标志意义的中埃经济合作也成为媒体关注焦点。吉尔吉斯斯坦、埃及,一个在中亚腹地,一个在北非海岸,一北一南,都在与中国的联合宣言或声明中提到了“一带一路”与本国发展战略的对接。事实上,在“一带一路”倡议下,从更早开展的中埃经济合作的成果中,也可以从另一个角度清晰地看到中吉乌铁路开通后对沿线国家未来的影响。

“双方支持中埃苏伊士经贸合作区建设”,本周三,中埃发布联合声明,让这个2008年启动的合作区再次受到关注。如今,这里已有超200家企业入驻。在一家中国铸管企业到来之前,埃及全国铸管年产能仅5万吨,大量依赖进口;而它投资的两条生产线,年产能达25万吨,不仅满足埃及供水管网建设需求,还将产品出口到中东、非洲和欧洲。

新兴铸管(埃及)股份有限公司董事长 马冶:中国在全球的铸管行业中是比较领先的,这次我们带到埃及来的生产线最大可以生产直径2.2米规格的铸管,填补了埃及的产业空白。

在苏伊士经贸合作区,像这样的中国企业还有很多。浙江一家玻璃纤维企业的入驻,就让埃及从一张白纸跃升为全球第四大玻璃纤维生产国。在这个合作区,新型建材、高低压电器、机械制造、新能源等八大产业已经形成完整产业集群。

刘倩:从建项目到建产业链,对“一带一路”合作可持续性来说,其实是进一步走深,也更具有韧性。单个的项目很容易受到外部环境的影响,而产业链一旦形成,会产生一种自我强化的效应,可以让东道国的工业化与中国的优势深度结合。这个合作成果也可以嵌入当地的经济结构,提高当地的抗风险能力。

苏伊士经贸合作区是“一带一路”倡议与埃及“苏伊士运河走廊经济带”战略对接的标杆项目。两国联合声明再次明确,要进一步深化共建“一带一路”倡议同埃及“2030愿景”对接。

复旦大学中东研究中心副研究员 王晓宇:这叫战略需求深化,就是双方受益。

刘倩:战略对接是把两国的发展规划放在同一张图纸上统筹谋划。所以,战略对接意味着合作从点状走向面,从短期走向长期。这样的合作从长远看更稳定,也更有内生动力。

除传统基建与产能合作,两国联合声明还提出:鼓励中国企业利用埃及竞争优势,积极探讨电动汽车、太阳能等领域产业本土化合作,以及拓展半导体、航天应用等高科技领域合作。

王晓宇:比如援埃及二号卫星项目,这个项目不再是中国把成品卫星直接给埃及,而是双方组建了专业的联合研发团队,埃方的人员真正深入参与到了卫星的研发、集成,包括测试的整个阶段。

本周,从中吉乌铁路到中埃两国深度合作,一北一南两个典型样本也透露出共建“一带一路”的合作正在发生的变化。

中国人民大学国际关系学院教授 王义桅:如果中吉乌铁路能通,而且进一步对接跨里海立体交通网络,延伸到欧洲,进一步延伸到中东,这是改写欧亚版图的大棋局。

刘倩:我们可以看到“一带一路”的布局正在从点状走向网状覆盖。中亚方向通过铁路去打通欧亚大陆的腹地,中东、非洲方向是通过经贸合作去构建产业支点,两者相互呼应,并且有南北联动的态势。这种布局体现出“一带一路”正在构建覆盖亚非欧三大洲,海陆空立体化的互联互通网络。从单一通道建设走向多通道、多节点、多层次整体系统的布局。

谈到“一带一路”,以前大家更多注意到的是铁路、桥梁、航道,是交通要塞。交通连接着产业、能源和供应链,地缘政治越动荡,保护主义越抬头,通道和节点就越显得重要。

但修路只是开始,“一带一路”希望连接的是各自国家经济发展的动力,更是民心。路通、货通,最后还要心通。心通了,合作才能更长久。

从中亚到中东、北非,再到更广阔的世界,“一带一路”不只是地图上路的互联互通,更重要的是各国民众人心的互联互通。

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 中吉乌铁路将在2031年6月达到通车条件,如目前施工进度所示

    Likely · Within years

  • 乌兹别克斯坦将推动中吉乌铁路通车时间提前至2028年

    Possible · Within years

  • 一带一路倡议将进一步深化制度、标准、规则的软联通,成为高质量共建的优先目标

    Likely · Within years

Open Questions

  • 中吉乌铁路是否能如乌兹别克斯坦所愿提前至2028年通车?
  • 混合轨距方案在长期运营中的换装效率和成本如何?
  • 中埃合作区的高科技领域合作(如半导体、航天)是否能取得实质性进展?
  • 一带一路倡议的软联通推进是否能克服参与国之间的制度差异?

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