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Back伊朗與烏克蘭 哪場戰爭對柴油價格影響最大?
伊朗與烏克蘭 哪場戰爭對柴油價格影響最大?
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BBC中文3 hours agoEnergy3 min readChinaView translation

伊朗與烏克蘭 哪場戰爭對柴油價格影響最大?

Quick Look

特朗普將全球柴油價格上漲歸咎於烏克蘭對俄羅斯煉油廠的襲擊,但數據顯示,美國與伊朗的衝突導致海灣國家柴油出口減少幅度更大,對全球供應的影響超過烏克蘭戰爭。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

特朗普將柴油價格上漲歸咎於烏克蘭對俄羅斯煉油廠的襲擊,但數據顯示美伊衝突對全球柴油供應的影響更大。

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美國總統唐納德·特朗普(Donald Trump;川普)將全球柴油(油渣)出口減少及世界各地價格飆升歸咎於烏克蘭對俄羅斯煉油廠的襲擊,並稱總統弗拉基米爾·澤連斯基(Volodymyr Zelensky)「想給世界製造麻煩」。

特朗普說:「他該死的最好停手。」隨後又暗示,烏克蘭應該「換一位能夠達成協議的領導人」。

但也有人將責任歸咎於美國和以色列對伊朗的戰爭,認為這場衝突削減了波斯灣地區精煉燃料的出口。

在特朗普宣布一項具爭議的從俄羅斯進口柴油協議,承諾「讓美國人享有更低價格」之後,BBC事實查核(BBC Verify)檢視了近月及近年來影響柴油供應的因素。

數據顯示,雖然烏克蘭衝突和伊朗衝突都大幅減少了全球柴油出口,但因與伊朗戰爭而導致海灣國家供應下降的幅度更大。

全球柴油價格發生了甚麼變化?

柴油成本上升雖然直接衝擊駕駛者,但由於柴油廣泛用於構成全球供應鏈支柱的貨車、廂型車和船舶,因此更廣泛的憂慮隨之而來。任何運輸成本增加,都可能以價格上升的形式轉嫁給消費者。

根據美國能源資訊署(US Energy Information Administration)最新數據,10月5日美國柴油零售平均價格為每加侖6.20美元(每公升1.64美元;10.97元人民幣;52.4元新台幣),略低於9月21日創下的每加侖6.50美元紀錄高位。

在與伊朗爆發戰爭之前,美國每加侖柴油價格約為3.50美元。

同樣地,英國柴油平均價格目前也接近歷史高位。能源安全和淨零排放部(Department for Energy Security and Net Zero)的數據顯示,10月5日每公升柴油價格為199便士(1.99英鎊;2.63美元;17.6元人民幣;84.04元新台幣)。

2025年,根據航運數據公司 Kpler 的數據,每天約有680萬桶柴油出口至全球市場。出口量約佔全球柴油總消費量的四分之一,其餘則來自各國的國內生產。

到2026年9月,全球柴油出口量已降至每日580萬桶,減少約100萬桶。

過去一年間,一些國家,尤其是美國,增加了柴油出口,但整體全球淨出口量仍然下降。

分析人士表示,正是這一下降推高了柴油的零售價格。

俄羅斯損失了多少供應量?

2025年,俄羅斯每日出口約81萬桶柴油,但到2026年9月已降至約14萬桶,減少約每日67萬桶。

俄羅斯出口下降的原因之一,是烏克蘭持續對該國煉油廠發動打擊。這些煉油廠將原油加工成柴油。

How much supply has been lost from the Middle East?

中東除了是主要的原油出口地區外,也是全球重要的柴油生產樞紐。

2025年,海灣國家——包括沙特阿拉伯、阿聯酋、科威特、巴林和阿曼——每日出口約140萬桶柴油。

到了2026年9月,這一數字已降至每日約67萬桶。

這一供應大幅下降,主要是由於美國與伊朗之間的戰爭影響了海灣國家經由霍爾木茲海峽(Strait of Hormuz,荷莫茲海峽)出口精煉柴油的流通。

伊朗對油輪的襲擊,以及美國對伊朗港口的封鎖,嚴重干擾了這條水道的航運流量。

雖然船舶追蹤公司的估計顯示,上月經由這條水道運輸的原油流量已恢復至接近戰前水平,部分原因是美國海軍協助保護航運,但來自中東的精煉柴油流量仍遠低於戰前水平。

那麼,到底哪場衝突應負上更大責任?

數據顯示,與伊朗的衝突對全球柴油出口量下降的影響,比烏克蘭戰爭更大。

與中東地區減少約81萬桶相比,俄羅斯的出口量每日減少約67萬桶。

不過分析人士強調,兩者影響都十分顯著。

蘇格蘭羅伯特戈登大學能源轉型研究所(Energy Transition Institute, Robert Gordon University)所長保羅·德利烏教授(Prof Paul de Leeuw)對BBC事實查核表示:「美伊衝突在2026年對全球能源市場造成重大衝擊,但持續中的俄烏衝突如今正進一步加劇這種壓力,因為它令俄羅斯的煉油廠停運。」

他的看法得到大宗商品研究機構 Commodity Context 石油分析師羅里·約翰遜(Rory Johnson)附和。約翰遜表示,烏克蘭的攻擊「將戰爭帶來的痛苦帶到俄羅斯本土,並在很大程度上令全球第二大柴油出口國退出市場」。

補充報導:尼古拉斯·巴拉特(Nicholas Barrett)、約書亞·奇塔姆(Joshua Cheetham)

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 若美伊衝突持續,全球柴油出口量將進一步下降

    Likely · Within months

  • 美國柴油零售價格將在短期內維持高位

    Likely · Within weeks

Open Questions

  • 美國與伊朗衝突何時會緩解?
  • 霍爾木茲海峽的航運安全能否長期保障?
  • 俄羅斯是否能快速恢復煉油廠產能?

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This article was originally published by BBC中文.

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