
豬腎在美國病人體內正常運作271天,創下國際紀錄,為器官短缺帶來希望。
美國病人蒂姆·安德魯斯接受由尤卡坦微型豬移植的腎臟,成功運作271天創下紀錄。專家指異種移植有望紓緩全球器官短缺危機。
AI-generated summary
由於人類捐贈器官長期短缺,科學家正研究使用動物器官進行異種移植以救治病人。
Author, 詹姆斯·加拉格爾(James Gallagher)
Role, BBC健康與科學記者
Published 3 小時前
閱讀時間: 3 分鐘
美國病人蒂姆·安德魯斯(Tim Andrews)的腎臟功能正在衰竭。去年,他接受了一個由豬隻移植的腎臟。豬腎在他體內正常運作了271天,創下目前最長的國際紀錄。
安德魯斯表示,這次移植讓他「重新有了希望」,也讓他免於數月來往醫院,依靠透析機過濾血液(俗稱洗腎)。
不過,這個豬腎最終失去功能並被移除。安德魯斯其後需要短暫接受透析,直到找到合適的人類捐贈器官。
由於可供移植的器官長期短缺,醫生和科學家正研究「異種移植」(xenotransplantation),即使用其他物種的器官進行人體移植。
美國麻省總醫院布萊根婦女醫院(Mass General Brigham)的團隊表示,安德魯斯的案例顯示,豬隻器官有望在人類器官移植出現前,作為一個「橋樑」。
美國目前約有10萬人等待腎臟移植,但每年只有約2.5萬宗腎臟移植手術。英國則有超過7,000人在等待腎臟移植。
醫生告訴安德魯斯,他可能需要等7年才能排到移植名單前列,但接受透析的患者平均只能有約5年壽命。
他說:「我的時間不夠了……這讓人非常沮喪。」
他形容移植豬腎的想法帶來了「希望」,是「隧道盡頭的一道光」。
「希望是最重要的事情——有機會擺脫(透析)機器,過自己的生活。」
豬被認為是最適合進行異種移植的動物之一。牠們的器官大小大致適合人體,而且人類已經累積多年飼養豬隻的經驗。
但你不能隨便跑到農場,從豬身上取下一個腎臟移植到人體內。人體會立即將這個器官識別為外來物,並啟動毀滅性的免疫攻擊,最終摧毀腎臟。幾分鐘之內,腎臟就會變黑,因為每個細胞都會被撕裂,內部開始凝結成血栓。
因此,研究人員培育出尤卡坦微型豬(Yucatan miniature pigs),並對牠們進行了69項基因組修改,「人性化」牠們的器官。
這些基因修改,移除了部分豬細胞中會被人體免疫系統識別和攻擊的特徵;同時加入一些人類DNA,猶如偽裝網一樣,幫助豬隻組織躲過免疫系統的偵測。
研究人員也進一步修改基因,以使潛藏在豬隻DNA中的病毒失去活性,避免感染。
安德魯斯的末期腎病,原因與二型糖尿病有關。他在2025年1月25日接受異種腎臟移植,當時他66歲。
根據剛剛在醫學期刊《刺針》(The Lancet)公布的詳細資料,移植的豬腎立即開始運作。
腎臟持續運作了271天,直至同年10月被移除。安德魯斯其後接受82天透析,直到今年1月獲得一個人類捐贈腎臟。目前,這個捐贈腎臟運作良好。
麻省總醫院布萊根婦女醫院移植科學中心的里埃拉醫生(Dr Leonardo Riella)表示,由於可供移植的器官不足,「我們正處於危機之中」。
他說:「我們正非常努力地帶來希望,而我們確實認為,對於沒有活體捐贈者的患者而言,異種移植可以成為一種替代方案。這有可能讓他們避過透析,直接接受移植。」

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