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Back中國十一黃金週:旅遊潮持續 消費仍緊張
中國十一黃金週:旅遊潮持續 消費仍緊張
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德国之声2 hours agoBusiness11 min readChinaView translation

中國十一黃金週:旅遊潮持續 消費仍緊張

今年中国国庆“十一黄金周”期间,跨境旅游表现优于国内旅游,但民众在整体消费上显得更加谨慎。专家指出,这反映了中国经济根本的信心问题与贫富差距。

Quick Look

今年中国十一黄金周期间跨境旅游表现亮眼,但国内旅游与消费表现平淡。受收入减少、房市萎缩及信心不足影响,民众消费更趋谨慎,电影票房大跌,专家认为政府刺激措施效果有限。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

中国十一黄金周是观察经济与消费的重要指标。近年来受房地产萎缩与青年高失业率影响,民众消费行为改变。

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今年中国国庆“十一黄金週”,20几岁的上海居民西亚(化名)选择和朋友一起到东南亚旅游。身边像她一样到海外度假的人不在少数,“超多人出国……整个微信朋友圈感觉都在国外”。

预想到中国国内景点都会人满为患,加上高铁车票涨价而且一票难求,西亚告诉DW,“不如直接出国”。她有一套自己的花钱准则,例如在旅行期间“吃饭完全不压预算,必须要吃得好”;又因为是跟朋友一起到海岛出游,住宿也不能省。

这趟国庆之旅,西亚开销最大的部分是来回机票,花了近人民币5千元。她自认是“实时享乐”的类型,但也坦言,由于自己收入降低,旅游预算跟去年相比“大大减少”,且因已有大额的出国机票花费,让她平时在其他方面必须节省支出。

旅游潮仍在

每年“十一黄金週”,民众旅游和消费数据都是观察中国经济的重要指标。今年中国国庆有7天长假(10月1日至7日);如果加上中秋,甚至可以做到只请3天假,就连休13天。

根据花旗集团初步的报告,这次中国国庆连假,经济活动热度整体平淡,但跨境旅游(含港澳)表现优于中国国内旅游市场。

中国民航局9月下旬的数据显示,中秋国庆假期的国际航线机票预订量年增22.5%;赴泰国、马来西亚、越南、老挝的航班量约成长两成,英国、德国、西班牙等远程航班亦成长15%。

值得注意的是,据共同社引述中国“途牛旅游网”,曾是中国旅客出国首选的日本,今年国庆假期跌出海外旅游十大目的地之列。去年日相高市早苗“台湾有事”言论掀起中日外交风波,中国政府曾多次警告民众避免前往日本旅游;日本政府今年收紧移民政策、签证费涨价等因素,也都影响中国游客赴日意愿。

另外,虽然中国自9月15日起施行《国务院关于出境入境管理的规定》,以“维护国家主权、安全、发展利益”为由,加强管制人民出入境,但新规是否影响一般民众出国意愿、是否确实因此受到限制,在这次十一黄金週尚未看到明确证据。

国内旅游方面,从数字看来跟去年表现相去不远。

中国文化和旅游部(文旅部)尚未公布官方统计的国内旅游总人次,但初步可藉由交通运输部的“全社会跨区域人员流动量”,一窥这次连假的国内出行人潮规模。假期第一天,这个数字约为3.29亿人次,比去年微幅下降1.9%,也低于预期;前四天的加总则约为12.44亿人次,大致与去年同期持平。

官媒大多强调长假对旅游带来的正面效应,尤其是国内旅游模式转变。新华社报道指,长假促使民众安排中国国内、多地拼接的“跨省长线游”;同时,有越来越多人倾向避开热门景点,选择“县域小城游”,又称为“奔县游”。

观察中国社群平台,也可以看到小县城深度体验、不赶时间打卡的“反向旅游”成为话题。

新冠疫情之后,这种旅游型态在中国渐渐流行,但这次国庆连假却更突显它面臨的挑战,例如有“10万人涌进5万人小城”等关键词登上热搜:在青海省海北藏族自治州祁连县,观光人潮超出预料,当地旅宿业难以消化,地方政府于是紧急开放学校宿舍来安置游客。

民众消费谨慎

“出游还是有起来,不过消费应该仍然紧张。”

台湾的中华经济研究院第一研究所副研究员王国臣认为,今年一如过去几年的趋势,中国旅游人潮未必反映到消费水准上,“穷游的现象应该是持续的”。

美国智库亚洲社会政策研究所中国分析中心研究员李其(Lizzi C. Lee)则向DW表示,民众愿意出门和花钱,但“对于花多少、花在什么上面,变得更谨慎了”。

根据中国文旅部,去年共8天的中秋国庆连假,全国国内出游8.88亿人次,总花费约为人民币8090亿元,平均每人消费911元;今年的数字尚待公布。

中国商务部另有数据显示,这次国庆假期前3天,重点监测的78个步行街(商圈)客流量和营业额,各增长3.4%和5.3%;汽车、家电、数码与智能产品的零售消费,则因有“以旧换新”政策支持,带动了196.3亿元销售额。

然而,电影票房可说是相当惨淡。据“灯塔”和“猫眼”等中国电影票房平台统计,今年国庆首日,院线片总票房约为人民币1.81亿元,比去年下滑超过40%,也是近5年来新低。10月1日至7日清晨为止,国庆档票房约10.7亿元;去年8天的国庆档票房加总,则是18.35亿元。票房疲弱的主因,可能跟今年国庆档缺乏“大片”有关。

此前,中国文旅部把9月下旬至10月底规划为“全国国庆文化和旅游消费月”,各地推出各种文旅产品和活动,并发放超过3.1亿元的消费券等消费补贴。但专家认为,这些措施对民众消费的刺激效果不大。

王国臣向DW指出:“问题仍然是老问题,他们的方法也都是老方法,所以也就不用太期待老方法解决老问题,会多有效果。”

中国近年青年失业率高,加上房地产市场萎缩,相关产业连带受到冲击,都降低了民众购买力。王国臣说,“北京当局仍然把消费低迷,当作是民众不愿意消费……事实上是因为贫富差距,把大多数的钱集中在少数的资产阶级,大多数人是没有钱的,所以他们(政府)透过这种消费券或折价券的方法,达不到他们预期的效果”。

李其把民众出游消费谨慎的趋势,指向中国经济根本的信心问题,包含房市不振,冲击家户财富,且整体收入和就业市场前景仍然疲弱。此外,消费习惯也转向更加精打细算、追求折扣和性价比。但这不代表民众完全不消费。

“中国消费者变得越来越挑剔。他们会花钱在旅行、演唱会、餐厅、体验型的消费、科技产品等等,只要他们认为是值得的;但在其他地方,就会很用力省钱。”

展望中国经济

十一黄金週前夕,中国刚公布9月的制造业采购经理指数(PMI)为50.1%;非制造业商务活动指数则为50.2%,比前一个月上升1.2个百分点,显示非制造业的景气有所提升。

中共第20届中央委员会第五次全体会议(五中全会)即将于10月底举行,届时各界将观察中共决策阶层是否释出新的经济政策和刺激措施信号。2026年正值中国第十五个五年规划、即“十五五”的“开局”之年,经济表现及政策方向也格外受到瞩目。

年初的“两会”(全国政协、全国人大会议),中国政府把国内生产总值(GDP)增长目标设定为“4.5%至5%”,但内需消费不足的问题严重阻碍经济成长,中国仍然高度仰赖出口,来实现经济目标。

花旗集团的报告研判,消费在明年政策议程的优先级應该会提升,而且若是出口降温,更将突显消费的重要性。

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 中共二十届五中全会将评估经济政策并可能讨论十五五规划。

    Very likely · Within weeks

Open Questions

  • 中国文旅部最终公布的国内旅游总人次与总花费为何?
  • 10月底的五中全会是否会释出新的刺激经济政策?

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This article was originally published by 德国之声.

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