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Back湯姆·克拉克大法官的忠誠審查論述與台灣陸配參政困境的類比
湯姆·克拉克大法官的忠誠審查論述與台灣陸配參政困境的類比
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自由时报2 hours agoPolitics3 min readChinaView translation

湯姆·克拉克大法官的忠誠審查論述與台灣陸配參政困境的類比

湯姆·克拉克忠誠審查陸配參政

Quick Look

  • 文章引用美國最高法院大法官湯姆·克拉克在1951年Garner v.
  • Board of Public Works案中的論點，探討過去忠誠與現在信任之間的合理關聯，並將其應用於冷戰時代的忠誠審查與當代台灣陸籍配偶參政資格的限制，指出國家安全與人權保障之間的永恆張力，強調需避免國安疑慮淪為身分歧視，並提供正當程序與救濟。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

文章追溯美國冷戰時代的忠誠審查實踐，特別是洛杉磯市對公務員的忠誠宣誓要求，以及美國最高法院大法官湯姆·克拉克在Garner v. Board of Public Works和Wieman v. Updegraff兩案中的立場轉變，從支持基本忠誠門檻到反對一刀切的連坐處罰。

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◎ 法操司想傳媒

「過去的忠誠，與現在乃至未來的信任之間，可能存在著合理的關聯。」

"Past conduct may well relate to present fitness. Past loyalty may have a reasonable relationship to present and future trust."

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1951年，美國最高法院大法官湯姆·C·克拉克（Tom C. Clark）在 Garner v. Board of Public Works 案的判決書中寫下了這段話，「過去的忠誠，與現在乃至未來的信任之間，可能存在著合理的關聯。」。（一人畫畫研究室One man studio，取自貼文）1951年，美國最高法院大法官湯姆·C·克拉克（Tom C. Clark）在Garner v. Board of Public Works案的判決書中寫下了這段話。這句話精準勾勒出民主國家在面臨外部安全威脅時，對公共權力掌握者進行「忠誠審查」的直覺邏輯。然而，這句看似合情合理的法理判斷，卻也揭開了憲政體制在「國家安全」與「基本人權」之間難以兼得的永恆拉鋸。

美蘇冷戰下的忠誠審查

1950年代初，美蘇冷戰升溫，紅色恐慌（Red Scare）席捲全美。洛杉磯市通過一項法令，強制所有市府雇員宣誓效忠，並出具誓約書聲明自己從未加入共產黨或主張推翻政府的激進組織，拒絕簽署者一律解雇。這項規定隨即面臨違憲挑戰，被控侵害言論與結社自由。

曾任司法部長、親手編纂過「顛覆組織名單」的克拉克大法官在判決中支持了市政府。他主張，政府作為雇主，有權對公務員的適任性與忠誠度建立基本門檻。既然公共職位涉及公權力的行使與公眾信任，那麼檢視公職人員「過去的政治忠誠」，便具備憲法上的合理關聯性。

然而，僅在一份判決之後，克拉克便在1952年的Wieman v. Updegraff案中劃下了紅線：若法律採「一刀切」的連坐手段，將所有無辜加入者一併排除，便違背了正當法律程序。克拉克深知，以國安為名的信任審查若缺乏比例原則，極易淪為侵害人權的政治清洗。

如今台灣陸配參政的困境

跨越半個世紀與太平洋，當代台灣在討論外籍配偶（特別是陸籍配偶）參政與服公職的資格時，司法與社會輿論也深陷於完全相同的論述架構中。

支持嚴格限制者所持的論點，幾乎完全呼應了克拉克在Garner案中的名言：台灣面臨嚴峻的地緣政治與軍事威脅，立法委員與政務官掌握國家機密與預算大權，國家有正當理由要求參政者具備單一且無保留的效忠。因此，過往的國籍、成長背景與對原籍國家的連結，被視為評估「當下與未來能否被信任」的實質指標。

從人權與憲政體制檢視，國家安全追求的是「零風險」的確定性，而人權保障要求的是「無罪推定」與個體尊嚴。兩者在本質上往往難以完美兼得。當台灣在風口浪尖上構築防衛性民主的防線時，如何避免將合理的國安疑慮轉化為全稱式的身分歧視，並在制度上提供正當程序與救濟可能，始終是檢驗這座島嶼憲政成熟度的最嚴肅課題。

克拉克大法官的這句名言，從來不是一張給予國家無限制審查權力的空白支票，而是一面映照出民主脆弱性的鏡子。

湯姆·克拉克大法官小檔案（整理自Wiki）

美國前任大法官湯姆·克拉克。（取自維基百科）湯姆·克拉克（Thomas Campbell Clark），曾參與第一次世界大戰，於1945年至1949年擔任美國司法部長，1949年受美國前總統杜魯門提名為最高法院大法官，一直到1967年其兒子拉姆西·克拉克（Ramsey Clark）被任命為司法部長時，克拉克大法官為避免利益衝突而選擇退休。

本文經授權轉載自法操》【他山之石】大法官的一句話｜湯姆·克拉克：「過去的忠誠，與現在乃至未來的信任之間，可能存在著合理的關聯。」

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 台灣將在未來幾個月內就陸籍配偶參政資格進行公眾諮詢或立法討論

    Possible · Within months

Open Questions

  • 台灣目前對陸籍配偶參政的具體法律限制是什麼？
  • 是否有具體案例顯示陸籍配偶因國籍背景被排除在公職之外？
  • 台灣是否正在考慮修改相關法律以平衡國家安全與參政權？

Related Topics

湯姆·克拉克
People湯姆·C·克拉克拉姆西·克拉克
Organizations美國最高法院美國司法部洛杉磯市政府
Places美國台灣洛杉磯
Topics忠誠審查陸配參政國家安全人權保障冷戰紅色恐慌
This article was originally published by 自由时报.

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