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Back“天宫课堂·港澳专场”太空授课举行 神舟二十三号乘组开讲
“天宫课堂·港澳专场”太空授课举行 神舟二十三号乘组开讲
Science
中国新闻网16 hours agoScience7 min readChinaView translation

“天宫课堂·港澳专场”太空授课举行 神舟二十三号乘组开讲

天宫课堂·港澳专场太空授课活动举行,朱杨柱、张志远、黎家盈为港澳学生讲解拧不干的湿毛巾、水球乒乓比赛等实验。

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“天宫课堂·港澳专场”太空授课活动今天举行,神舟二十三号航天员乘组朱杨柱、张志远、黎家盈为港澳学生进行讲解,展示了拧不干的湿毛巾和水球乒乓比赛等微重力科学实验。

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中国空间站开展“天宫课堂”系列科普活动,面向青少年普及航天科学知识。

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“天宫课堂·港澳专场”太空授课活动今天举行,正在中国空间站执行任务的神舟二十三号乘组——指令长朱杨柱、航天驾驶员张志远及香港首位载荷专家黎家盈,为港澳学生们进行讲解。今天的天宫课堂做了两个与水有关的实验:拧不干的湿毛巾、水球乒乓比赛。

太空湿毛巾为何拧不干?

在太空失重环境下,为什么湿毛巾怎么拧,都拧不干呢?北京航空航天大学宇航学院副教授张晓天,为我们讲解实验背后的科学原理。

水膜张力实验:看不见的表面张力

张晓天:航天员以前也在空间站做过和水相关的有趣的实验,水膜张力实验是我们创造出一个圆形的水膜来,不断向里注水,发现水膜的厚度越来越厚,但是它依然能够保持形状。

液桥演示实验:表面张力对抗重力

张晓天:液桥实验就是在两块板之间用水建立的一个小桥,随着板的距离拉远,这个小桥也被越拉越长,但是它不会断掉,这两个现象都是源自于水的表面张力。它和在地面的重力环境下的现象是不一样的。水的表面张力就是水分子有一种相互吸引,它在体积不变的情况下,趋向于让表面积最小化的一种趋势,这是一个物理的规律。在这个规律的作用下,会使水呈现出特定的形状。如果是在重力环境下,水的表面张力和重力要相互“拔河”,我们在地面上如果构造一个水膜的话,这个水膜稍微一大稍微一厚,重力拔河就会拔赢了,它会超过表面张力的作用的程度,水膜就无法维持。液桥也是这样,在地面上,我们在两个手指之间滴一滴水,两个手指离开一个小缝隙,这个时候也会有一个液桥,但只要距离稍微一远,这个液桥马上就断掉了,这是因为在重力的作用下,液桥无法再维持它的形状,因为重力的作用超过了表面张力的作用。

拧不干的湿毛巾:微小液桥锁住水分

张晓天:拧毛巾的实验也是源自于表面张力,毛巾上有很多微小的绒毛结构,可以看作是一些非常微小的液桥,在一系列的绒毛之间建立了很多液体的液桥,在微重力的环境下,没有重力的拉扯,它就能更好地保持液体的形状和它的完整性,被固化后就附着在毛巾的周围了。这个时候我们去拧毛巾,其实只是把水从毛巾里面拧到它外面来了,所以我们看到这些液体还是聚集在毛巾的表面,它也不会滴下来。这也是源自于在微重力环境下才会有的独特的现象。

水球乒乓比赛为何在地面无法复刻

在今天的天宫课堂上,航天员们还进行了水球乒乓的比赛,这样的比赛,为什么在地面环境下无法复刻呢?

水球乒乓比赛:展示亲水和疏水特性

张晓天:水乒乓球实验也是一个非常有意思的实验,它和拧毛巾实验相比,反映了水的另外一种特性,不同的物体表面具有亲水性或者是疏水性,这是物体表面分子结构带来的一种特性。有的材料亲水,水更容易吸附上去,有的材料表现出疏水特性,水就不容易粘在表面。生活中有这样一个例子,池塘里的荷叶顶非常容易形成露珠滚下来,那是因为荷叶表面的微观结构是一种典型的疏水结构。

疏水毛巾球拍遇上太空水球

张晓天:这次的乒乓球实验是在球拍上裹了一层毛巾,这个毛巾是一种疏水的运动毛巾,它是采用疏水材料制作的。当液体的小球接触到乒乓球拍表面的毛巾时,因为它是疏水材料,它不会去吸附小球,所以就把小球重新给弹回来了。但是这个现象在地面上是很难发生的,这就回到了上面提到的液体的表面张力和重力之间“拔河”的关系。水在没有重力的情况下,它会表现成一个球形,在地面上的时候是无法维持这种状态的,在重力的拉扯下,这个水球会破裂甚至被拉长,没有办法维持球形的形状。

水球乒乓比赛:表面张力在“拔河”中胜出

Open Questions

  • 未来是否会开展更多面向港澳地区的太空授课活动?

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