
韓中FTA生效10年面臨結構性轉變,韓國內需製造業受衝擊,連續三年出現對中貿易逆差。
韓中自由貿易協定生效後,雙方互補貿易結構轉變。隨著中國製造業升級與中間財滲透率提高,南韓對中貿易連續三年出現逆差,內需型製造業面臨強烈衝擊。
AI-generated summary
韓中自由貿易協定(FTA)生效後,隨著中國製造業快速升級,昔日互補的貿易結構逐漸轉變,引發南韓國內對產業衝擊與貿易逆差的擔憂。
韓中貿易結構翻轉,中國商品加速進軍南韓市場。(本報製圖)
〔財經頻道/綜合報導〕韓中自由貿易協定(FTA)生效後衍生的產業問題,早已在南韓國內引發批評。隨著中國製造業快速升級,昔日「韓國供應零組件、中國負責加工」的互補關係逐漸改變,中國製中間財反過來深入韓國市場。韓媒近年警告聲浪不斷,甚至曾以韓中FTA是否放出「中國製毒藥」為題,直指中國低價商品大量湧入後,韓國本土製造業受到的衝擊。
中國經營研究所所長、龍仁大學中國學系教授朴勝讚(音譯)今年1月在《亞洲經濟》(Aju Business Daily)撰文指出,韓國過去對中國出口超過8成為中間財,但隨著中國製造業升級,韓國材料、零組件及設備等中間財對中出口減少,中國製中間財在韓國市場的滲透率反而持續提高。
數據顯示,韓國自中國進口的中間財比重,已從2016年的27.3%升至2023年的31.3%。朴勝讚指出,過去扮演生產基地角色的中國,正快速轉變為原料與中間財供應者,新的區域價值鏈正在形成。
朴勝讚也認為,韓國對中貿易逆差不能單純歸咎於韓中FTA。2019年後美國加強對中國制裁,加上中國產業升級、技術自主加速,以及中國製造業本身的創新,都是造成韓中貿易結構翻轉的重要原因。
今年1月《韓國經濟日報》也在韓中FTA服務、投資後續談判之際示警,今天韓企面對的中國,與2015年FTA生效時已大不相同。
報導指出,中國一方面對外強調市場開放,另一方面持續強化反間諜法、數據安全法等經濟安全管制。即使進一步開放外資,韓企仍可能遭遇行政許可延遲、通路限制、國企優先等問題,這些障礙未必能單靠FTA協定解決。
報導更引述通商專家及當地企業的憂慮指出,中國的市場開放若伴隨雙重法律管制,對韓企而言可能成為一杯「有毒的聖杯」。韓中FTA第二階段真正的關鍵,不只是中國願意開放多少市場,而是能否保護韓企免受任意執法等風險。
事實上,韓媒對「中國貨反攻」的批評早已相當直接。韓媒《每日經濟》去年曾以「韓中FTA放出『中國製毒藥』?」為題報導,指出隨著中國產品價格及品質競爭力提升,加上FTA降低貿易壁壘,中國低價產品大量進入韓國,受到衝擊的主要是韓國內需型製造業。
《每日經濟》指出,韓中FTA造成的相關損失,大多不是發生在出口企業,而是以內需為主的韓國製造商,電子零組件、汽車零組件、機械設備及生活消費品等產業首當其衝。
這些累積多年的問題,如今再次成為焦點。韓聯社27日報導,南韓國會議員崔秀珍指出,韓國對中貿易從2023年至2025年連續3年逆差,她形容韓中FTA 10年成績單留下的是「連續3年貿易逆差」、「製造業受損」等「慘澹結果」。
對韓國而言,問題已不只是韓中FTA帶來多少關稅優惠,而是如何在中國製造業全面崛起後,守住韓企原有的市場與競爭優勢。
AI outlook — possibilities, not facts
南韓國會與產業界將持續檢討韓中FTA帶來的衝擊並尋求應對政策
Likely · Within months

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