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Back美期中選舉牽動亞洲 分析師警告:全球貿易動盪難止
美期中選舉牽動亞洲 分析師警告:全球貿易動盪難止
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自由时报1 hour agoWorld3 min readChinaView translation

美期中選舉牽動亞洲 分析師警告:全球貿易動盪難止

分析師警告,即使民主黨掌控國會,美國貿易政策不可預測性不太可能隨川普卸任而消失

Quick Look

美國中期選舉3日投票,選民將對川普和共和黨進行「期中考」。分析師警告,即使共和黨失去國會一院或兩院,川普仍可透過行政命令推行關稅政策,亞洲各國仍須為全球貿易動盪及能源價格上漲做好準備。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

美國中期選舉於3日投票,選民將對總統川普和控制國會的共和黨進行「期中考」。川普自2025年1月重返白宮以來,以毫無章法的關稅政策顛覆全球貿易秩序,並對伊朗發動戰爭。選前民調顯示,共和黨極可能丟失眾議院,參議院控制權也陷入激戰。

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美國期中選舉3日投票,飽受高通膨與生活成本飆漲之苦的選民,將透過選票對總統川普和控制國會的共和黨進行「期中考」。但亞洲多位政經分析師警告,即使共和黨遭遇慘敗,亞洲各國仍需為進一步的全球貿易動盪做好準備。

川普自2025年1月重返白宮以來,以其毫無章法的關稅政策顛覆全球貿易秩序,並對伊朗發動戰爭導致油價飆升。選前民調顯示,目前掌握參眾兩院的共和黨,極可能丟失眾議院,參議院的控制權也陷入激戰。

法國高等經濟商業學院(ESSEC)經濟學副教授林明智(Jamus Lim,音譯)指出,若共和黨失去國會一院或兩院,國會可能會採取行動,限制川普片面締結貿易協議的能力,削弱美國的談判籌碼,但「總統的行政權力依然可以被運用」。

在憲法上,美國國會有權規範對外貿易與徵收關稅。然而,現任國會幾乎無意重申其權力,讓川普得以輕易透過行政命令與緊急狀態法案,繞過立法機構的批准。自去年4月川普啟動所謂「解放日(Liberation Day)」的「對等」關稅機制以來,幾乎沒有幾個亞洲國家,能與川普政府達成具備法律約束力且全面運作的貿易承諾。

例如,馬來西亞與印尼等多數國家,僅止於行政主導的雙邊協議,而與泰國或越南的交涉,更僅停留在「框架」或諒解備忘錄(MOU)層次。

林明智進一步指出,即使民主黨掌控國會,他們在傳統上也比共和黨更不傾向自由貿易,因此期望民主黨推動貿易自由化並不實際。此外,若要透過立法廢除或阻擋特定關稅,需在兩院取得三分之二的絕對多數,才能推翻總統的否決權,在當前的政治版圖下,幾乎是不可能的任務。

印度觀察家研究基金會(ORF)戰略研究副主任米什拉(Vivek Mishra)警告,若共和黨同時失去參眾兩院,川普極可能訴諸「高度的行政獨裁」(high-powered executive domination),也就是直接以行政命令治國。

米什拉擔憂,這恐將刺激川普重啟針對與美國有鉅額貿易逆差國家的懲罰性關稅戰,或進一步擴大對伊朗的打擊。自今年2月底伊朗戰爭爆發以來,布倫特原油價格已從每桶約70美元飆升至3日早盤的104美元以上,液化天然氣(LNG)的全球現貨價格,更暴漲近3倍,對亞洲能源進口國而言無疑是雪上加霜。

印度社會發展委員會(CSD)經濟學特聘教授達爾(Biswajit Dhar)也持悲觀看法,預期川普在第二任期的最後2年將變本加厲,「為了證明自己的實力,他將變得更具攻擊性」。川普若有意打破憲法限制爭取第三任期,勢必訴諸更極端的民族主義路線。他建議亞洲國家,與其寄望美國未來的貿易政策轉向,不如持續深化貿易多元化。

印度阿育王大學(Ashoka University)政治學客座教授錢德拉(Uday Chandra)認為,敵對的國會雖可透過調查與預算限制,來牽制川普的內政議程,但在貿易政策上的實質影響力仍是未知數。因此,亞洲國家必須認清,美國經濟政策的不可預測性,不太可能隨著川普卸任而消失。

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 川普若失去國會一院或兩院,將更依賴行政命令推行貿易與外交政策

    Likely · Within months

  • 亞洲國家將持續深化貿易多元化,減少對美國市場的依賴

    Likely · Within months

Open Questions

  • 共和黨是否會失去眾議院或參議院控制權?
  • 民主黨若掌控國會,是否會限制川普的貿易行政權力?
  • 川普是否會爭取第三任期?
  • 亞洲各國將如何深化貿易多元化以應對美國政策不確定性?

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