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Back职工医保让外卖骑手等新就业形态劳动者看病更有保障
职工医保让外卖骑手等新就业形态劳动者看病更有保障
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中国新闻网1 hour agoHealth3 min readChinaView translation

职工医保让外卖骑手等新就业形态劳动者看病更有保障

Quick Look

郭永芳因腰椎间盘突出住院手术,职工医保报销3万余元,个人仅承担1万多元。她作为京东全职骑手通过劳动合同缴纳五险一金获得保障。国家医保局等七部门联合印发通知,旨在三年内提高灵活就业人员参加职工医保人数。受访骑手、司机等表示愿意多缴费以获得更高水平医保,但存在断保风险、平台补贴可持续性、多平台接单无责任主体及参保意愿不足等问题。专家建议需平衡个人、平台、政府责任,并明确补贴规则和稳定接单标准。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

郭永芳是河北邯郸人,2022年来北京做外卖员。2025年12月中旬大雪后因腰部不适就医,被诊断为腰椎间盘突出压迫神经,住院手术花费4.8万余元,职工医保报销3万多元。她通过与京东签订正式劳动合同获得五险一金缴纳。

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□ 本报记者 文丽娟

□ 本报见习记者 王宇翔

今年年初,44岁的郭永芳住进了医院。她是河北邯郸人,2022年到北京从事外卖员工作。2025年12月中旬一场大雪过后,她送单时觉得腰部不适,起初只当是老毛病,贴了暖宝宝,继续每天跑在路上。直到腰部疼痛难忍、右腿发麻,她才去医院就诊——诊疗结果是腰椎间盘突出压迫神经,需要住院手术。

她在医院治疗了半个月,连带手术共花费4.8万余元。让郭永芳意外的是,职工医保报销了3万多元,自己只承担了1万多元。她算过另一笔账:如果没有这份医保,她得回老家做手术,‘报销比例没那么高,花费也会更多一些’。

这份保障,来自2025年7月郭永芳作为全职骑手,与京东签订的一份正式劳动合同——平台为她缴纳了五险一金。

第九次全国职工队伍状况调查结果显示,我国新就业形态劳动者达到8400万人。对于该群体中的许多人来说,郭永芳的经历,正在变成一种可期的未来。2026年9月8日,国家医疗保障局等七部门联合印发《关于开展灵活就业人员、农民工、新就业形态人员参加基本医疗保险提质专项行动的通知》(以下简称《通知》),用3年左右时间,持续提高灵活就业人员等参加基本医保人数,特别是参加职工医保人数。据了解,这是国家层面推动这一群体参加职工医保的首个专项行动。

但这份利好该如何‘拿到手’?又该如何长久持续下去?带着问题,《法治日报》记者展开了调查采访。

算下来是笔划算账

《2025年全国医疗保障事业发展统计公报》显示,2025年职工医保住院费用目录内基金支付比例为84.1%,居民医保住院费用目录内基金支付比例为66%。对过去大多只能参加居民医保的灵活就业人员来说,从‘居民’到‘职工’,差的不仅是十几个百分点。

记者近日采访北京、湖南、黑龙江等地数十名外卖骑手、网约车司机、家政服务人员发现,他们看病时都会先算一笔账——看一次病花的钱,得跑多少单、接多少单才赚得回来。有骑手向记者反映,自己参加的商业意外险虽能覆盖工伤,却解决不了慢性病和门诊的需求。

当记者问‘如果每个月多接几单,就能换来一份职工医保,你愿意吗’,大多数受访者的回答是:‘当然愿意。个人费用负担减轻了,万一生病,也更愿意去医院,不再“小病扛、大病拖”。’

37岁的京东全职骑手李岩给记者算了一笔账:今年8月,他感冒后去社区医院,挂号费20元,个人账户只支付了1元,其余19元由医保基金支付;买药花费7.78元,按医嘱吃了两天药病就好了。而在2025年3月入职京东之前,他在北京看病、买药都是自费——在老家每年花400元购买的新农合(新型农村合作医疗)没有办理跨省异地就医备案,在北京无法直接联网结算,日常门诊、购药很难用上。

采访中,很多受访者最关心的问题是:参加职工医保,每月要交多少钱?

记者了解到,在安徽合肥,一名外卖骑手参加职工医保,每月需缴275元;平台分担50%后,骑手每月只需缴138元,一年共计1656元。作为参保长效机制试点城市,合肥还对试点期间平台企业新就业形态劳动者参加职工医保的新增人数,给予每人每月不低于40元的补助。

在中央财经大学法学院副教授李海明看来,这项政策的意义在于更好地落实社会保险法第二十三条第二款‘无雇工的个体工商户、未在用人单位参加职工基本医疗保险的非全日制从业人员以及其他灵活就业人员可以参加职工基本医疗保险,由个人按照国家规定缴纳基本医疗保险费’,回应现实中部分灵活就业人员对更高水平医疗保障的现实需求,渐进式探索和完善灵活就业人员等群体的医保保障政策和制度。

多举措破解参保难题

为破解灵活就业人员等群体职工医保参保难的问题,《通知》提出四方面举措:方便参,推动超大城市取消就业地、常住地参保户籍限制。方便转,探索将连续参加居民医保的缴费年限折算为当地职工医保年限。方便缴,实行月缴,探索按季度、半年、全年预缴。方便用,推行‘灵活就业参保一件事’集成服务,推动个人账户跨省共济使用。

《通知》明确,灵活就业人员参加职工医保实行月缴,各地可结合实际,探索按季度、半年、全年预缴。职工医保缴费年限允许按月累计,每满12个月计为1年。

‘对于新就业形态从业者来说,他们可能一份工作只干几个月,停一两个月再换一份,零散的缴费时间都能攒起来。’李海明说。

平台怎么帮?《通知》明确,鼓励平台企业对稳定接单的新就业形态从业人员参加职工医保采取‘个人缴费+平台补贴’,按单位职工模式缴纳社会保险等缴费方式,条件成熟后逐步制度化。

李岩告诉记者,其个人医保账户每月缴存148.4元,平台为其缴纳五险一金的费用近3000元。

‘换城市怎么办’也有了安排。《通知》提出,医保关系转移接续时,缴费年限累计计算;有条件的省份,可探索把连续参加居民医保的年限折算为职工医保年限;职工医保退休待遇,不再与按月领取养老金绑定。

李岩的体会最直接。2025年4月起,在北京跑了10年外卖的他,第一次有了北京社保。他说:‘签劳动合同时得知要给我缴纳社保,北漂这么多年,感觉一下子真正融入了北京这座城市。’

愿意参保的,不只有已经拿到保障的人。和某家政平台签约的钟点工李爽(化名)说,平台至今尚未提过参加职工医保的事,她却一直盼着能缴上,宁愿自己出点钱,因为‘这样看病就有了保障’。

也有人认同这份保障,却仍在心里掂量。北京的网约车司机刘盛(化名)家庭负担较重,他认可‘参加职工医保,退休以后待遇也会好一些’,可每个月拿到手里的钱,同样是他难以割舍的。

要把‘好事’真正办好

受访专家指出,这是国家层面首次针对灵活就业人员等群体参加职工医保开展专项行动。国家医保局等七部门联合发文,本身就是‘政策集成’‘部门联动’的信号。

但要把‘好事’真正办好,受访专家认为还有几个问题需要解决。

一是断保风险。骑手们收入起伏、工作流动,最怕缴费中断。《通知》已通过‘按月累计’作出回应,并明确合理设置待遇等待期,方便断保后及时续保。李海明认为,医保基金能否可持续,取决于个人、平台、政府财政之间的平衡,‘而不会是灵活就业人员完全个人缴费’。

二是平台补贴的可持续性。《法治日报》律师专家库成员、北京天驰君泰律师事务所高级合伙人郭政提醒,目前平台补贴的法律性质是‘附条件单方允诺’,并非法定义务;《通知》的表述是‘鼓励’平台开展相关补贴,‘条件成熟后逐步制度化’。他建议,监管部门可要求平台将补贴规则报备并公示变更程序,明确‘稳定接单’의量化标准,让‘鼓励’产生可预期的约束力。

三是‘多平台接单、无平台负责’的困境。同时跑多个平台的骑手,该由哪个平台出钱?郭政认为,未来可探索‘按单缴费、平台自动代扣’,把缴费单元从‘月’细化到‘单’。这也可以借鉴职业伤害保障试点的经验——17个试点省份累计参保已超2700万人,试点正进一步扩大到全国范围。

四是参保意愿本身。有平台相关负责人坦言,部分骑手对参加职工医保的认识仍然不足,参保意愿仍然较低。受访专家认为,专项行动的三年时间表里,不仅要解决‘怎么缴’,还要回答‘为什么缴’的问题。

政策的抵达,最终要落到人的身上。郭永芳说,以后身体再有不舒服,她都会去社区医院或者医院看病,挂号费用基本覆盖。‘职工医保给我带来了安全感,生活有了保障,心里也更踏实了。’

从一场住院手术,到一份每月到账的职工医保,‘郭永芳们’의改变正在发生。而这,或许只是开始。

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 灵活就业人员参加职工医保的人数将在三年内显著增加,特别是在试点城市如合肥

    Likely · Within years

  • 平台企业对稳定接单的新就业形态人员提供社保补贴的做法将逐步制度化

    Possible · Within years

Open Questions

  • 如何解决多平台接单者的保险缴费责任归属问题?
  • 平台补贴在何种条件下才能转化为法定义务?
  • 断保后如何确保及时续保而不影响待遇享受?
  • 如何提升灵活就业人员参保意愿,使其理解长期缴费的价值?

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This article was originally published by 中国新闻网.

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