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Back超强厄尔尼诺来袭:保险业面临极端天气“大考”与定价逻辑重塑
超强厄尔尼诺来袭:保险业面临极端天气“大考”与定价逻辑重塑
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中国新闻网14 minutes agoBusiness6 min readChinaView translation

超强厄尔尼诺来袭:保险业面临极端天气“大考”与定价逻辑重塑

世界气象组织确认厄尔尼诺现象已形成并将持续增强,预计影响将持续至2027年2月,保险行业正面临理赔压力上升与精算模型重塑的挑战。

Quick Look

世界气象组织确认超强厄尔尼诺现象形成,预计持续至2027年初。极端天气频发推高洪涝、干旱等灾害风险,导致保险业理赔压力剧增。业内专家指出,传统精算模型已难以应对气候变化,保险业需从灾后赔付转向全周期风险管理。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

厄尔尼诺现象导致全球气温与降水格局改变,引发极端天气频发。保险行业传统精算模型基于历史数据,难以应对气候变化带来的非线性系统性风险。

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日前,世界气象组织发布通报,确认厄尔尼诺现象已形成并将持续增强,预计将发展为“超强级别”,对全球降水和温度格局产生重大影响,相关极端天气风险或将持续至2027年2月。

在厄尔尼诺的影响下,洪涝、干旱、台风和极端高温等灾害风险被系统性推高。站在风险最前沿的保险业,正迎来一场前所未有的大考。

从已披露的上市险企中期业绩来看,人保财险的大灾净损失上半年原本是同比下降,但到8月底变成累计同比增加约19亿元。赔付端压力上升只是表象,更深层的命题是:面对这场预计持续至2027年初、可能改写全球风险地图的超强厄尔尼诺,保险行业该如何与极端天气共处,做好风控、理赔等相关工作?

业内人士接受《每日经济新闻》记者采访时表示,本轮超强厄尔尼诺正是气候变化背景下极端天气常态化的一次预演。这将推动保险行业发生深刻变革。

已影响到保险业理赔端

当全球变暖叠加厄尔尼诺,极端天气进一步加剧,重大自然灾害的频发,不但使农业面临减产、交通基建被损毁、电力供应稳定性下降、制造业面临供应链中断风险,还会给保险行业带来巨大影响。

近期,世界气象组织认为,厄尔尼诺现象已形成并将持续增强。厄尔尼诺现象在国内的影响主要是雨水增多,国家气候中心副主任高荣在中国气象局新闻发布会上表示,受厄尔尼诺影响,秋季我国长江流域及以南大部分地区降水以偏多为主,其中江南和西南地区东部降水明显偏多,发生极端降水事件的概率大;西南地区东部和华南等地气温明显偏高,9月还将有阶段性高温天气过程。

对保险业来说,该现象最直接的体现就是理赔增加。慕尼黑再保险发布的报告指出,超级厄尔尼诺正在逼近,直接影响之一是西北太平洋台风生成位置偏东,在更温暖的洋面上停留时间更长,强度可能更大,路径也有北移趋势。这意味着今年下半年我国面临的自然灾害风险不容忽视。

国内保险公司的赔付数据与上述预测呈现出同样的趋势。“2026年上半年,公司大灾净损失同比减少6亿元左右,影响赔付率0.5个百分点左右。但7月1日至8月29日,新增大灾净损失同比增加19亿元左右。”中国人保集团副总裁兼人保财险总裁张道明在中期业绩发布会上表示,考虑到今年超强厄尔尼诺的预期,预计2026年大灾损失大于2025年。

但赔付端的整体压力还是可控的。中再财险总经理王忠曜介绍,2026年上半年全球巨灾保险损失约为350亿至470亿美元,为近5年来最低水平,同时低于10年均值。他同时表示,公司境外业务2026年上半年自然巨灾净损失整体可控。

然而,超强厄尔尼诺现象对保险业的影响仍然是不容忽视的。“2026年发展的厄尔尼诺事件强度罕见,持续时间预计至2027年初,对全球巨灾的影响本质上是一场风险的再分配,而非简单的损失总量增减。它虽会显著抑制大西洋飓风活动,但单次登陆风暴的尾部损失风险犹存,同时将系统性推高西北太平洋强台风、美国东南部龙卷风、澳大利亚干旱、南美及我国南方洪涝等多区域、多灾种的风险水平,全球极端天气频率全面提升。”王忠曜表示,这一格局对再保险业的冲击多维而深刻。

或将重塑定价底层逻辑

据王忠曜介绍,多家机构已发布警告,提示不能放松承保纪律。预计亚太地区自然灾害保险覆盖率仅约10%,在强台风与洪水风险上升背景下面临巨大的保障缺口暴露。“总体来看,超强厄尔尼诺带来的并非利好,而是对再保险公司全球化风险分散能力、动态模型调整能力及定价下行周期中承保纪律的严峻考验。”

这一观点得到了业内人士的认可。首都经贸大学农村保险研究所副所长李文中接受《每日经济新闻》记者采访时表示:“传统精算方法建立在‘每年的潜在损失概率大致稳定’这一关键假设之上。然而,当百年一遇的极端天气变得越来越频繁时,基于有限历史数据的模型就失去了预测未来的根基。当前保险行业对气候风险的识别与量化评估能力较为薄弱,传统精算模型难以应对气候变化带来的非线性、系统性风险。”

李文中认为,模型迭代不是简单的修补,而是要进行底层逻辑的重塑。首先,模型必须从依赖历史数据转向前瞻性科学预测;其次,需要采用更复杂的巨灾模型,模拟各种极端气候情景下的潜在损失;再次,模型参数要能根据气候变化的实时数据进行动态更新。

风险减量方面,保险业需要从灾后赔付走向灾前预防,未来竞争的关键将是谁能更有效地帮助客户管理风险、减少损失,在此过程中保险公司需要转变成一个全周期的、主动的风险管理者,利用科技不断提升风险管理能力。

与此同时,理赔端的挑战也在加剧。在极端天气频发和高强度影响下,理赔案件数量和金额将持续攀升,这对保险公司的现金流和偿付能力构成了直接压力。

此外,保险业借助科技手段实现灾后快赔将成为标配。随着风险上升,部分高风险地区的保费还可能大幅上涨,甚至出现保险真空,这要求行业与政府部门合作,探索更可持续的风险分担机制。

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 保险行业将加速引入前瞻性科学预测模型以替代传统精算方法。

    Likely · Within months

Open Questions

  • 保险公司如何具体实现从灾后赔付向灾前预防的转型?
  • 政府与保险业如何构建可持续的风险分担机制?

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This article was originally published by 中国新闻网.

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