Breaking
KRIran's Revolutionary Guard claims capture of US unmanned submarine in Strait of HormuzARThe Iranian Revolutionary Guard launches missile strikes on an American base in Jordan and announces the targeting of oil tankers in the GulfDEFree open-air cinema on Jungfernstieg in HamburgCNHealth Minister confirms five deaths in medical helicopter crash near Sarawak airportKRConstruction of a 45-hole Mangyeong River Park Golf Course in Bongdong-eup, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-doCNThe project to widen the external road in Xuejia Animal Protection Park was reviewed and approved by the Metropolitan Committee of the Ministry of the InteriorKRSeventeen's Jun to Star in Chinese Film 'Summer Never Ends'CN"The Big Dixie" announces it will be renamed "South America" to satirize Trump's naming controversyKRAdidas apologizes for Israel campaign amid backlash against Jennie collaborationCNTaipei City’s first week of free nutritious lunches: food safety concerns: 87 students suffer from diarrheaKRIran's Revolutionary Guard claims capture of US unmanned submarine in Strait of HormuzARThe Iranian Revolutionary Guard launches missile strikes on an American base in Jordan and announces the targeting of oil tankers in the GulfDEFree open-air cinema on Jungfernstieg in HamburgCNHealth Minister confirms five deaths in medical helicopter crash near Sarawak airportKRConstruction of a 45-hole Mangyeong River Park Golf Course in Bongdong-eup, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-doCNThe project to widen the external road in Xuejia Animal Protection Park was reviewed and approved by the Metropolitan Committee of the Ministry of the InteriorKRSeventeen's Jun to Star in Chinese Film 'Summer Never Ends'CN"The Big Dixie" announces it will be renamed "South America" to satirize Trump's naming controversyKRAdidas apologizes for Israel campaign amid backlash against Jennie collaborationCNTaipei City’s first week of free nutritious lunches: food safety concerns: 87 students suffer from diarrhea
Back偏頭痛:症狀、原因及管理方法解析
偏頭痛:症狀、原因及管理方法解析
Health
BBC中文yesterdayHealth3 min readChinaView translation

偏頭痛:症狀、原因及管理方法解析

Quick Look

偏頭痛是一種遺傳性神經系統疾病,全球超過10億人受影響,女性發病率是男性的三倍。症狀包括頭痛、嘔吐、頭暈及腦霧,發作通常分為四個階段。荷爾蒙變化、睡眠不規律、壓力及天氣變化等是常見誘因。管理方法包括規律作息、及早服藥、避免可待因,以及考慮肉毒桿菌素、針灸等療法。專家建議成為「偏頭痛偵探」追蹤個人誘因,並保持規律生活習慣。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

偏頭痛是一種遺傳性神經系統疾病,全球約每七人就有一人受影響,相當於超過10億人。女性發病率是男性的三倍,與荷爾蒙變化密切相關,尤其在青春期後差距顯著。

Font size

躺在黑暗房間裏,任由持續不斷的疼痛鑽入額頭,對許多偏頭痛(migraine)患者而言,是一種令人十分熟悉的痛苦經歷。

這種令人精神衰弱的疾病,可能對人際關係、工作及心理健康造成巨大影響。而女性尤其受到影響,她們偏頭痛發作的機率是男性的三倍。

但究竟是甚麼原因令偏頭痛發作?又有哪些方法可以幫助管理病情?

根據英國慈善機構「偏頭痛信託基金會」(Migraine Trust)的資料,全球約每七人就有一人受偏頭痛影響,相當於超過10億人。

偏頭痛是一種具有遺傳性的神經系統疾病,會令大腦對變化更加敏感。

英國慈善機構「國家偏頭痛中心」(National Migraine Centre)的偏頭痛專家凱蒂·門羅醫生(Dr Katy Munro)表示,有些攜帶相關基因的人,可能永遠不會被誘發,因此「一生都過得順順利利」。

但對另一些人而言,不同的外在因素可能觸發大腦中特定路徑,導致神經化學物質釋放,進而引發偏頭痛症狀。

這些症狀可能包括頭痛,也可能包括嘔吐、頭暈及腦霧。

主持偏頭痛播客《Heads Up》的門羅醫生表示:「有時候,人們某次發作會出現一組症狀,下一次則可能略有不同。症狀在家族成員之間可能不同,當然也會隨人生不同階段而改變。」

偏頭痛發作有甚麼原因?

單一因素引發偏頭痛發作的可能性不大,往往是多個小因素逐步累積,最終超過患者所能承受的臨界點。

這些因素可能包括荷爾蒙變化、血糖水平不穩定,以及睡眠不足或睡太久。

壓力也扮演重要角色。但在一段緊張時期之後出現的放鬆狀態,同樣可能引發偏頭痛。

門羅醫生表示,這種情況對女性尤其常見。

「我們往往是那個讓所有事情繼續運轉的人,同時處理多項任務,並替家中所有人安排日程。」

天氣變化,包括氣溫、氣壓及濕度改變,都可能引發發作。原因可能是身體需要適應天氣本身的變化,例如氣壓改變;也可能與相關影響有關,例如脫水。

缺鐵、乳糜瀉(celiac disease;麩質不耐症/麥麩不耐症/麩質敏感性腸病)或甲狀腺功能減退等健康問題,也可能誘發偏頭痛。

荷爾蒙有甚麼影響?

約10%的兒童患有偏頭痛,男女童受影響的比例相若。但到了青春期,當女孩開始出現月經周期時,情況便會改變。

曾任家庭醫生的門羅醫生表示:「這是女孩之後逐漸拉開差距、女性偏頭痛發作人數多於男性的原因之一。而我們看到這種情況會一直持續至更年期(menopause)。」

荷爾蒙波動是重要誘因,而女性經期前雌激素水平急劇下降,是偏頭痛在這段時間特別嚴重的原因。

圍絕經期(perimenopause)——、即女性停止來經前的過渡階段——荷爾蒙水平急速變化,也可能令偏頭痛惡化。

她表示:「荷爾蒙水平變化非常劇烈。圍絕經期的偏頭痛對很多很多女性而言,都是一個重大而嚴重的問題。」

但問題不只是荷爾蒙。

她說:「你可能同時要照顧青少年子女及年邁父母,也可能因更年期症狀而睡不好覺。」

停經後,由於荷爾蒙水平較穩定,偏頭痛發作的嚴重程度和頻率都可能下降。

如何知道自己是否偏頭痛發作?

偏頭痛發作通常分為四個階段。

第一階段是前驅期(prodromal)或預警期(premonition),此時大腦內部變化開始累積。有些人會出現打呵欠、極度疲倦或頸部疼痛等警示症狀。

接下來是先兆期(aura),可持續長達一小時,通常會出現視覺干擾,例如鋸齒狀線條或白色光點。約三分之一患者會出現此情況。

之後是頭痛期,或稱影響期,可持續四至72小時。有些人亦可能出現噁心及嘔吐。

最後階段稱為後驅期(postdromal),或稱宿醉期(hangover phase),可在頭痛大致消退後持續一至兩天。

門羅醫生表示:「那種感覺就像被壓路機輾過一樣。」

「你在努力恢復過來,而這往往也是人們重返工作崗位的時候,但他們可能還未完全恢復正常運作。」

哪些生活習慣改變有助管理偏頭痛?

過往人們常建議偏頭痛患者避免咖啡因或巧克力(朱古力)等誘因。但門羅醫生表示,與其這樣做,更應思考如何盡量維持規律生活。

她解釋,成為一名「偏頭痛偵探」,回顧偏頭痛明顯發作前兩三天內發生了哪些變化,有助找出問題,並嘗試避免重複出現同類情況。

但門羅醫生表示,現實生活總會有變數。

「我們不可能事事完美,所以不要因內疚而責怪自己。盡力而為就好。」

規律進食、避免血糖下降十分重要。同樣重要的是爭取良好睡眠,並盡量在固定時間上床睡覺及起床。

雖然運動對每個人都很重要,但它也可能觸發偏頭痛,因此患者應考慮自己是否攝取足夠能量及補充足夠水分。

門羅醫生表示,這種思考方式也能解釋為何週末屬於高風險時段,因為我們星期五的生活模式可能有所不同。

她說:「你可能急著完成工作。晚上可能開始放鬆,也許喝了一杯平日不會喝的葡萄酒。你可能也睡得晚了一點。」

「關鍵在於思考到底有哪些事情改變了,以及哪些事情可以變得更有規律。」

哪些補充劑和藥物有幫助?

在偏頭痛發作初期盡早使用有效藥物治療,十分重要。

「等到那時,雪球效應已經累積得太大,無論做甚麼都很難扭轉。及早服藥,就是在雪球還小的時候把它壓制住。」

門羅醫生建議考慮服用止嘔藥及止痛藥,例如布洛芬(ibuprofen)或阿士匹靈(aspirin)。

她表示,撲熱息痛(paracetamol)的效果較差,並警告不要使用可待因(codeine),因其可能令頭痛惡化。

科學家已發現哪些神經化學物質在偏頭痛中扮演重要角色。其中一種名為CGRP的肽類物質,對部分患者尤其關鍵,而現時已有可阻斷其作用的治療方法。

其他療法包括肉毒桿菌素注射,科學家認為它可能阻斷釋放疼痛訊號的化學物質。此外,針灸、瑜伽、太極及疼痛再處理治療等整體療法,也可能有所幫助。

門羅醫生表示,最重要的是主動尋求更多資訊。

她說:「眼前仍然希望處處,因此不要放棄,也不要以為自己已經嘗試過所有方法,因為事實並非如此。」

Open Questions

  • 具體哪些基因與偏頭痛遺傳相關?
  • CGRP阻斷療法的長期副作用為何?
  • 肉毒桿菌素對偏頭痛的療效持續多久?

Related Topics

This article was originally published by BBC中文.

Related Stories

Beirong Hsinchu Branch successfully placed a metal stent in the large intestine for elderly patients to relieve intestinal obstruction
Developing·

Beirong Hsinchu Branch successfully placed a metal stent in the large intestine for elderly patients to relieve intestinal obstruction

The gastroenterology team of the Hsinchu Branch of Northern Veterans General Hospital successfully placed a self-expanding metal stent in the large intestine of a grandmother in her 90s to relieve intestinal obstruction, avoid surgery, and restore the function of exhaust and defecation. This is the first case in Dazhudong area.

自由时报
2 min read
Asking about health | Will eating egg yolks really increase blood lipids? If you abandon it, you will lose valuable nutrients.
Developing·

Asking about health | Will eating egg yolks really increase blood lipids? If you abandon it, you will lose valuable nutrients.

Experts point out that cholesterol in food is different from human blood cholesterol, and discarding egg yolks can easily lead to nutrient loss. The increase in blood lipids is mainly affected by the intake of saturated fatty acids, trans fatty acids and sugar. It is recommended to eat a balanced diet rather than a single taboo of egg yolk.

中国新闻网
2 min read
Xinhua Viewpoint丨How to make medical reimbursement more secure for flexible employees
Developing·

Xinhua Viewpoint丨How to make medical reimbursement more secure for flexible employees

Seven departments including the National Medical Insurance Administration jointly issued a notice to launch a special campaign to improve the quality of basic medical insurance for key groups such as flexible employees. Through measures such as lowering the insurance threshold, flexible payment rules, and opening up medical insurance conversion channels, the medical insurance participation rate of employees with flexible employment will be increased to increase the reimbursement ratio and security level, and alleviate the problem of expensive and difficult medical treatment for workers in new employment forms such as takeaway riders.

中国新闻网
3 min read
Seven departments launched special actions to improve the quality of insurance for flexible employment groups and other groups
Developing·

Seven departments launched special actions to improve the quality of insurance for flexible employment groups and other groups

Seven departments including the National Medical Insurance Administration issued a notice to carry out special actions to improve the quality of basic medical insurance for flexible employment personnel, migrant workers, and people with new employment forms, explore flexible payment models, lower the insurance threshold, and promote cross-provincial pooling of personal accounts. Currently, the number of flexible employment personnel participating in employee medical insurance nationwide reaches 69.8218 million. Jiangsu has built a universal insurance database to realize "data follows people."

中国新闻网
3 min read
Study: Plant-based prototype diet can reduce LDL-C by 17.9%, but it cannot replace drug treatment
Health·

Study: Plant-based prototype diet can reduce LDL-C by 17.9%, but it cannot replace drug treatment

Wang Siheng, a physician at the Hengxin Rehabilitation Clinic, cited a study in Nature Communications and pointed out that after patients with familial hypercholesterolemia consumed more than 80% of their calories from plant-based prototype foods for four weeks, their LDL-C decreased by 17.9% and ApoB decreased by more than 14%. However, he emphasized that diet cannot replace necessary drug treatment.

自由时报
2 min read
More on this topic偏頭痛