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Back中國緊握稀土金屬「釔」供應,成美中貿易談判關鍵籌碼
中國緊握稀土金屬「釔」供應,成美中貿易談判關鍵籌碼
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自由时报1 hour agoBusiness3 min readChinaView translation

中國緊握稀土金屬「釔」供應,成美中貿易談判關鍵籌碼

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路透社專欄指出,中國作為稀土金屬「釔」的主要供應國,透過出口管制將其作為貿易談判武器。釔對航太、半導體及能源產業至關重要,供應不穩定已對美國製造業供應鏈造成顯著壓力,預計將成為美中元首會晤的重要議題。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

中國去年4月對釔及另外6種稀土實施出口管制,導致國外供應幾乎停滯。釔在航太引擎塗層、半導體及雷射等領域具有戰略重要性。

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中國國家主席習近平預計9月24日訪美會晤美國總統川普,路透社專欄作家表示,中國緊握稀土金屬「釔」(Yttrium)供應,這預料成為兩國元首會晤時的重要議題。

路透社專欄作家霍姆(Andy Home)寫道,美國需要釔,中國則是這種冷門稀土金屬的主要供應者,像在其他關鍵礦物領域一樣占據主導地位。中國去年中起未出口釔至美國,之後的供應也極不穩定。

供應不足對航太、能源及半導體產業產生衝擊,凸顯這種稀土金屬已與現代製造密不可分。

釔除了用於螢幕顯示器、半導體及雷射等領域,也用在隔熱塗層,保護飛機噴射引擎免受高溫傷害,因此具有戰略重要性。

有關釔市場確切規模的資料甚少,連美國地質調查所(USGS)也無法確定全球已開採出多少釔,但估算全球去年釔礦產量介於1萬至1萬5000公噸。

釔的重要性使其成為中國貿易磋商工具中一項有力武器。全球幾乎所有釔都來自中國,但北京從未公布任何開採或生產配額資訊。唯一可以確定的是,中國去年4月對釔及另外6種稀土實施出口管制,導致國外供應幾乎完全停滯。

去年10月底習近平與川普在韓國釜山舉行會談前,美國重新收到釔。然而,會談結束後釔再次斷供。截至今年2月,釔嚴重短缺導致美國塗層供應鏈停產。

中方今年3月對美出口多達60萬噸釔氧化物,據悉白宮代表某一家難以取得出口許可的重要企業出面,直接介入後才促成。

美國貿易代表葛里爾(Jamieson Greer)數月後對中國出口釔步調緩慢感到遺憾,坦言:「有時我們必須提出我方立場。」

儘管川普5月訪中,北京也稱將與華府合作、處理針對稀土出口的「合理」關切,但出口再度中斷,直到7月才出口29噸。

美中貿易僵局擴大之際,顯然北京將釔當作施壓工具,供應量僅足以避免局勢演變為全面對抗,但不足以減輕供應鏈壓力。

此外,隨著歐盟(EU)對中國貿易逆差持續擴大,歐盟貿易事務專員塞夫柯維奇(Maros Sefcovic)呼籲中國10月底前解決相關問題,「否則(中方)將面臨另尋解方的龐大政治壓力」。

塞夫柯維奇也期盼就中國關鍵礦產出口管制進行談判,釔幾乎肯定會成為討論重點。

霍姆在文末表示,釔如今位居全球政治核心,只要北京緊握供應權,這種稀土金屬的地位就不會動搖。

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 釔供應問題將成為美中元首會晤的討論重點

    Very likely · Within weeks

Open Questions

  • 中國未來是否會進一步擴大稀土出口管制範圍?
  • 美國及歐盟將採取何種具體措施降低對中國稀土的依賴?

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