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Back中国加速人形机器人军用研究,专家称战场应用仍面临挑战
中国加速人形机器人军用研究,专家称战场应用仍面临挑战
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德国之声yesterdayTech2 min readChinaView translation

中国加速人形机器人军用研究,专家称战场应用仍面临挑战

Quick Look

路透社报道称,中国正在加速人形机器人军用研究,多个军事机构测试其适应性和与部队协同作战能力,尽管技术尚未成熟,专家指出战场环境复杂多变是主要挑战,目前尚无证据表明已部署武装人形机器人部队的证据。

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Why It Matters

近年来,人形机器人技术取得快速进展,中国在制造领域占据全球主导地位。军方开始探索其在侦察、后勤及潜在战斗中的应用,但技术成熟度和战场可靠性仍是关键瓶颈。

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(德国之声中文网)上月中国举办世界人形机器人运动会,打破了博尔特的百米纪录。而在两天后,《解放军报》呼吁研究者“把科研课题对准战场难题”,“让实验室里的‘机器人’真正成为能打胜仗的‘战斗员’”。

路透社查阅了百余份资料,包括中国军方的招标文书、学术研究、专利、官方出版物、政府记录以及国防企业的材料。得出的结论是,中国正在加速人形机器人军用的研究。一些军事机构测试人形机器人对战场条件的适应力,研究人形机器人与部队共同作战的可能性。

据美国银行全球研究部数据,2025年,中国制造商占全球人形机器人交货量的约95%。这也为中国军方进行人形机器人的军用研究提供优势。

中国对机器人用于防御的研究也凸显全球军事技术的迅速演进。在俄乌战争中,半自动无人机使用人工智能进行巡航和锁定目标,机器人则运载供给并撤回伤员。世界范围内,自动武器系统正在吸引军方的注意力。

中国国防部、国防科技大学未回复路透社的采访请求。

路透社称,没有证据显示中国军方已经部署人形机器人武装部队。机器人仍是高能耗,除人工控制下的演示外,可靠性差。卡内基梅隆大学机械工程教授约翰逊(Aaron Johnson)表示,战场环境有很大的可变性,是不可预测的,对机器人的能力构成挑战。

城市作战

路透社引述国防科技大学西安测试中心去年8月的一份研究报告,其中描述了一种战斗场景:六个“战斗机器人”——包括人形机器人、机器人狗或无人驾驶车辆,将分配给两个攻击团队。这些机器人与地面部队合作,逐层逐室地清除敌人占领的建筑物。该研究预测,这样的装备在5-10年内可获得。

台湾国防安全研究院研究员周若敏表示,人形机器人在平衡、感知和耐力方面的改善,意味着或可将其用于建筑物、隧道、船体内部的任务。其双手双足理论上可结合移动性、攀爬和操作能力。

去年7月,解放军报一篇文章中称,科学设计军用人形机器人发展路径,其中,承担任务类型逐渐由辅战向主战演进。“从使用安全性、技术可行性等方面考虑,人形机器人在初级阶段,以在低威胁环境下遂行非对抗性保障任务为主;进入高级阶段后,逐步升级到在强对抗环境中代替士兵遂行与敌直接交战任务,最终发展成为主战装备。”

文章还提到“赋予机器人开火权问题”,称“区分目标、空间、时间、杀伤程度等,制定详细作战规则,按需灵活赋权。例如:要求人形机器人发现敌有生目标后,须经人工验证允许后才能开火,或者要先进行警示,警示无效后再开火;要求人形机器人区分有生目标与非有生目标,选择适当的杀伤手段和杀伤程度,等等”。

去年12月,解放军东部战区发布一则人工智能生成的视频,显示军用机器人——包括人形机器人和四足机器人——在虚构的未来冲突中突破台湾的防御。

中国并非唯一研究军用人形机器人的国家。去年,美国军方举行一场竞赛,以提升“军用人形机器人能力”,最终可能与士兵并肩作战。美国军方称,军用人形机器人的潜在角色包括侦察、保安、清除障碍、危险品行动、城市地区的攻防任务。今年,10个进入决赛的选手将测试其系统,后续合约金额达125万美元。

五角大楼和美国军方未回应评论请求。

投入战场?

今年,人形机器人的研发已从军事研究机构扩展到国防工业。国有的中国兵器工业集团制造的“伏羲”(Fuxi)机器人具备哨卫任务、全天候侦察、智能巡逻以及承担危险任务的能力。

澳大利亚战略政策研究所高级分析师戴维斯(Malcolm Davis)表示,在5-10年内,人形机器人或可具备战场上的实用性。

今年3月,中国国防部发言人曾表示,中方始终认为人工智能军事应用应坚持由人主导。

去年11月,中国军事科学院战争研究院研究员王永华在《光明日报》上发表文章,称人形机器人的“军事应用有更长的路要走”。“然而,战争形态智能化演进加速向前,智能无人作战需求紧迫强劲,一旦技术上取得重大突破,生产成本大幅下降,产业生产规模化,人形机器人将会源源不断投入战场。”

更多阅读:宇树科技高开低走 中国押注机器人未来

人形机器人:特朗普对华贸易战的最新战场?

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 中国军用人形机器人将在5-10年内进入初步战场试用阶段,主要用于侦察、后勤和危险环境任务

    Likely · Within years

  • 赋予人形机器人有限开火权的作战规则将在技术验证阶段同步制定,以人工确认作为前置条件

    Possible · Within years

Open Questions

  • 人形机器人在复杂战场环境中的实际可靠性如何?
  • 何时才能达到可部署用于战斗任务的技术门槛?
  • 赋予机器人开火权的具体作战规则将如何制定和执行?
  • 中美在军用人形机器人领域的竞争将如何演变?

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