Back公司在离职证明中添加不实负面评价 法院判决构成名誉权侵权
公司在离职证明中添加不实负面评价 法院判决构成名誉权侵权
NEWS
中国新闻网3 hours agoLaw12 min readChinaView translation

公司在离职证明中添加不实负面评价 法院判决构成名誉权侵权

上海杨浦法院审结一起因违法离职证明引发的名誉权纠纷案,明确离职证明不是企业行使管理权的工具。

Quick Look

上海一公司在员工离职证明中罗列未经证实的违纪行为导致其求职受阻,员工提起诉讼。上海市杨浦区人民法院审理认为,公司在离职证明中添加不实负面评价构成名誉权侵权,判决书面赔礼道歉并赔偿损失。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

员工小柏2022年10月入职被告公司,次年9月被公司以严重违纪为由解除劳动合同并在离职证明中罗列违纪行为,导致其求职受阻。

Font size

“离职证明”,主要是证明劳动者与原用人单位的劳动关系已经解除,入职新单位、办理社保转移、申领失业金等都可能用到这张证明;发生劳动纠纷时,它也是重要证据。

依据法律规定,用人单位在劳动者离职时应当开具“离职证明”,拒开造成损失,劳动者可仲裁维权。可是,如果用人单位在离职证明中添加不实负面评价,劳动者该怎么办?在上海工作的小柏选择打官司,起诉原单位侵害自己的名誉权。上海市杨浦区人民法院近日通报此案的审判情况。

“离职证明”罗列“违纪行为”导致求职受阻

小柏2022年10月入职被告昊某教育科技(上海)有限公司,担任新媒体运营专员,第二年9月,公司以他存在多项严重违纪为由解除劳动合同,并在离职证明中罗列了他的违纪行为。

上海市杨浦区人民法院民事审判庭法官助理周恒:具体包括:长时间拨打私人电话、散布员工个人隐私、辱骂同事、肆意传播公司谣言、私自录制他人企业微信聊天记录、在办公区域大吵大闹、长期玩手机做与工作无关的事、不服从公司安排,还定性为“性质恶劣,多次违反员工手册,造成严重违纪”,公司就是以这些理由解除的劳动合同。

本来取得“离职证明”是为了再找工作方便,但小柏得到的这份证明却直接给他求职造成了实实在在的困扰和阻碍。

上海市杨浦区人民法院民事审判庭法官助理周恒:原告拿着这份离职证明先后应聘多家单位,有三家公司都明确因为这些负面记录拒绝录用他。其中上海某生物科技公司直接在拒录通知书里引用了“辱骂同事,不服从公司安排,严重违纪”这些内容;另外两家公司也表示,没法核实离职证明内容的真实性,对原告的职业操守产生了担忧,最终都决定不予录用。

劳动仲裁胜诉后打名誉权官司

2023年9月,小柏申请劳动仲裁,仲裁委认为被告公司对原告的违纪行为没有提供任何证据加以证明,属于违法解除劳动合同。公司不服,向法院申请撤销仲裁裁决,被驳回。接着,小柏就“离职证明”侵害自己名誉权起诉到法院,请求判令被告公司书面赔礼道歉,赔偿经济损失、精神损害抚慰金共计20000元及律师费2000元。

被告公司经法院依法传唤,无正当理由拒不到庭应诉,但法院没有直接采信原告主张,而是全面审查此案的事实和证据。

上海市杨浦区人民法院民事审判庭副庭长奚懿:最核心的依据是此前已经生效的法律文书。在这个名誉权诉讼之前,双方的劳动争议已经经过了仲裁和司法审查程序,(被告)用人单位都参与了这些过程。劳动仲裁委的裁决,还有中级人民法院作出的生效民事裁定,都已经明确认定:公司对其主张的各项违纪事实,没有提交任何证据予以证明,应当承担举证不能的法律后果。

除此之外,原告也提交了完整的证据链,包括劳动合同、离职证明原件、仲裁裁决书、民事裁定书、三家用人单位出具的不予录用通知、社保缴费记录、律师费发票等等。

上海市杨浦区人民法院民事审判庭副庭长奚懿:这些证据能够相互印证,既证明了离职证明的内容与客观事实不符,也证明了这些不实内容已经实际产生了损害后果。

法院:离职证明中添加负面贬损评价违法侵犯名誉权

法院经审理认为,被告公司的行为具有违法性,主观过错明显。

上海市杨浦区人民法院民事审判庭副庭长奚懿:按照《劳动合同法》的规定,离职证明的法定功能是客观记载劳动合同期限、解除或终止日期、工作岗位、在本单位的工作年限这些基本信息,目的是方便劳动者再就业、办理社保手续。法律并没有赋予用人单位在离职证明中,对劳动者的品行、职业操守、工作表现进行主观的评价。本案中公司在离职证明里写的这些负面内容,相当于滥用了用工管理权,超出了法律边界,主观过错是非常明显的。

有人可能会觉得,离职证明只给特定的新单位看,传播范围小,不算损害名誉。但法院认为,原告确实存在名誉受损的事实。

上海市杨浦区人民法院民事审判庭副庭长奚懿:求职市场本身就是“社会”的重要组成部分,一个人的职业声誉,是其社会评价的核心内容之一。本案中原告拿着这份证明求职,接二连三被用人单位拒绝,这不是主观的感受,而是有书面证据证明的、客观的社会评价降低,完全符合名誉权侵权中“社会评价降低”的核心要件。

法院还认为,从被告公司出具不实离职证明,到原告求职被拒,不实评价和损害后果之间有直接的因果关系。法院认定被告公司的行为对原告构成名誉权侵害,一审判决被告书面赔礼道歉,支付原告经济损失及精神损害抚慰金18000元、律师费2000元。判决已生效。

法官:离职证明不是企业行使管理权的工具

上海市杨浦区人民法院党组成员、副院长孙咏建议用人单位,要厘清离职证明的法律边界,不要滥用评价权。

上海市杨浦区人民法院党组成员、副院长孙咏:用人单位一定要明确,离职证明是法定的人事凭证,不是企业行使“最后管理权”的工具,更不能用来报复离职员工。它的内容是有法定范围的,应当仅限于客观记载劳动关系的基本事实,不要随意添加对员工的主观负面评价,尤其不能把未经核实,甚至已经被法定程序否定的所谓“违纪事实”写进去。如果员工在职期间确实存在违纪行为,应当在劳动关系存续期间,按照规章制度依规处理,做好证据固定,而不是等劳动关系结束后,再通过离职证明这种法定文书去做超出管理范畴的负面评价。规范用工管理,尊重劳动者的人格权,既是企业的法定义务,也能从源头上减少这类纠纷。

孙咏建议劳动者,离职的时候拿到离职证明,要及时核对内容,如果发现有不实的贬损性记载,第一时间向单位提出异议,留存好沟通的证据。

上海市杨浦区人民法院党组成员、副院长孙咏:如果因为这类不实证明求职受阻,一定要保存好用人单位的拒录通知、沟通记录等材料,这些都是后续维权的关键证据。权益受到损害时,可以先和单位协商解决,协商不成的,通过劳动仲裁、民事诉讼等合法途径主张权利,法律会为劳动者的合法权益撑腰。

此类纠纷的裁判,一方面给劳动者维权提供清晰的法律指引,降低维权门槛;另一方面也给广大用人单位划清行为边界,引导企业规范用工行为。

上海市杨浦区人民法院党组成员、副院长孙咏:最终的目标,是构建一个更加诚信、公平、法治的劳动力市场环境,促进人才的健康流动,实现用工管理权和劳动者人格权的平衡保护。

Open Questions

  • 被告公司后续是否完全履行了判决义务?

Related Topics

This article was originally published by 中国新闻网.

Related Stories

Xiao Liyan was involved in the case of purchasing co-signed letters. The High Court rejected the prosecutor's appeal and upheld the acquittal verdict.
Developing·

Xiao Liyan was involved in the case of purchasing co-signed letters. The High Court rejected the prosecutor's appeal and upheld the acquittal verdict.

Xiao Liyan, who once represented the Democratic Progressive Party in running for Taoyuan City Yangmei District Councilor, was accused of entrusting a councilor-candidate named Zhao to purchase counter-signature letters to assist Terry Gou in running for president at a cost of 200 yuan each. She was not guilty in the first trial. The prosecutor's appeal was rejected by the High Court and the original verdict was upheld.

自由时报
2 min read
The Taipei District Prosecutor's Office investigated and prosecuted four individuals from Taiwan Yunbao Company for violating the Cross-Strait People's Relations Act.
Developing·

The Taipei District Prosecutor's Office investigated and prosecuted four individuals from Taiwan Yunbao Company for violating the Cross-Strait People's Relations Act.

The Taipei District Prosecutor's Office concluded an investigation today and determined that four former general managers of Taiwan Yunbao Company, Sun Weizong and Wu Yinhua, and project managers Li Jinfen and Wang Shixiong, were involved in violations of the Cross-Strait People's Relations Act, and they were prosecuted in accordance with the law. Investigation revealed that the company was actually set up in Taiwan by a Chinese company, eBaoTech (Shanghai), without permission. It was actually run by Mo Yuanwu, the head of the parent company, and entrusted Taiwanese dealers to provide services to a number of insurance companies through the name of eBaoTech in Singapore.

自由时报
2 min read
A man surnamed Zeng was detained for owing NT$5.24 million in taxes. His mother paid NT$1 million on the spot and was released.
Developing·

A man surnamed Zeng was detained for owing NT$5.24 million in taxes. His mother paid NT$1 million on the spot and was released.

The man surnamed Zeng failed to register for tax registration and sold 3C products and pots. He failed to pay the business tax and fines after being levied. The tax, fines and interest owed totaled more than 5.24 million yuan. He also withdrew all his bank deposits and could not repay them. The New Taipei Branch of the Administration of Administrative Enforcement requested a custody order. On September 8, after his mother paid 1 million yuan on the spot and secured bail, Zeng Nan saw his mother hugging each other and crying, and was immediately released.

自由时报
2 min read
Intellectual property infringement methods have been upgraded: live-streaming of goods with passwords to sell counterfeit goods, and remote destruction of certificates stored in the cloud, law enforcement faces new challenges
Developing·

Intellectual property infringement methods have been upgraded: live-streaming of goods with passwords to sell counterfeit goods, and remote destruction of certificates stored in the cloud, law enforcement faces new challenges

The Second International Exchange Conference on Intellectual Property Enforcement announced the top ten cases of administrative enforcement of intellectual property rights in China from 2025 to 2026, revealing the evolution of infringement methods towards technology, industrialization, and concealment. For example, the live broadcast room only showed daily necessities with digital numbers in the background to link counterfeit cosmetics, and cloud storage data to remotely destroy evidence and other new methods. Law enforcement agencies responded to challenges through digital forensics, cross-departmental collaboration, and international cooperation to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of domestic and foreign rights holders.

中国新闻网
3 min read
More on this topic离职证明