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Back脑机接口,前景有多广?(深度观察·未来产业里的向“新”力)
脑机接口,前景有多广?(深度观察·未来产业里的向“新”力)
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中国新闻网1 hour agoTech3 min readChinaView translation

脑机接口,前景有多广?(深度观察·未来产业里的向“新”力)

Quick Look

脑机接口技术在中国快速发展,非侵入式、半侵入式和侵入式三条技术路径并行探索,已在康复医学、精神医学等领域落地应用,造福患者数千人。多项临床试验正在进行,包括“北脑一号”和国内首个超百通道侵入式脑机接口系统。专家认为,未来5-10年内,脑机接口有望实现功能替代、神经康复修复、言语功能重建等,并在航空航天、教育娱乐、交通运输等领域展现广阔应用前景。产业发展需政产学研医协同发力,加强技术攻关、建立标准政策、加快人才培养和基础研究。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

脑机接口是建立大脑与外部设备直接信息通路的技术系统,通过采集和解码神经活动将运动、语言或感觉意图转化为设备控制指令。近年来中国在脑机接口领域取得显著进展,多项技术路径并行探索,部分产品已在康复医学等领域落地应用。

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脑机接口是在大脑与外部设备之间建立直接信息通路的技术系统。它通过采集和解码神经活动,将使用者的运动、语言或感觉意图转化为设备控制指令;部分系统还可向神经系统输入电刺激或感觉反馈,形成双向闭环。

近年来,国内关于脑机接口的好消息接二连三:在特定病例中,完全性脊髓损伤患者在植入“北脑一号”一年后,从完全瘫痪恢复至不完全性损伤、实现支具辅助下独立行走;首个超百通道侵入式脑机接口,启动GCP(药物临床试验质量管理规范)注册临床试验……

脑机接口何时能造福更多患者?未来将给人类社会带来怎样的改变?今后需在哪些方面重点发力?

三条技术路径并行探索,正加速从实验室走向临床

按照采集大脑信号时的电极位置和方法,脑机接口可分为非侵入式(电极置于头皮外)和半侵入式(电极置于硬膜外或硬膜下、但不穿入脑实质)、侵入式(电极置于脑内)三种。近年来,国内三条技术路径齐头并进,正加速从实验室走向临床。

位于天津滨海高新区、依托天津大学建设的脑机交互与人机共融海河实验室(以下简称“脑机海河实验室”),经过持续攻关,已开发出30多项“神工”医疗器械谱系产品。

“非侵入式脑机接口通过脑电帽等外部设备直接在头皮表面采集脑电信号,安全性更有保障,适用人群和场景更为广泛。”脑机海河实验室常务副主任倪广健告诉记者,截至目前,“神工系列”已在康复医学、精神医学、神经重症、视听诊疗等领域落地,造福患者数千人。比如,“神工—神耳”听觉智能评估系统可以提取大脑的放电波形,直接“读”出大脑对声音的反应,帮医生把人工耳蜗、助听器调到最适配的“频道”,让患者从“听得见”变为“听得清”;“神工—神篙”脑积水快速精准诊断系统,把脑积水的诊断时间从2—3天缩短到30分钟,误诊率也大幅下降。

去年5月,首都医科大学宣武医院院长赵国光和主任医师段婉茹领衔的神经外科专家团队,为因外伤导致T12—L1脊髓严重损伤、下肢活动能力丧失的志明(化名)同步植入半侵入式脑机接口“北脑一号”与时序脊髓电刺激系统。经过一年的康复训练,他不仅能独立行走,大小便也实现了自主控制。

“‘北脑一号’的初始版本采用128通道无线全植入柔性电极,电极贴附在硬脑膜外,兼顾安全性和有效性。”据北京脑科学与类脑研究所所长罗敏敏介绍,2025年3月,“北脑一号”启动了多中心注册临床试验,适应症为脊髓损伤、脑卒中偏瘫、渐冻症导致的四肢运动障碍、言语失语。“目前该试验已完成患者入组,计划2027年申报医疗器械注册证。”

侵入式脑机接口“北脑二号”也在同步推进。罗敏敏说:“‘北脑二号’采用512通道无线全植入柔性皮层内电极阵列,对标国际千通道产品,针对的是追求极致精细运动解码的重度瘫痪患者,计划年内启动人体临床验证。”

今年5月,北京智冉医疗科技有限公司启动国内首个超百通道侵入式脑机接口系统注册临床试验,高通量侵入式脑机接口技术迈入临床转化新阶段。该试验采用的128通道脑机接口系统,由柔性电极与信号采集器构成;柔性电极采用超薄生物相容材料,可有效降低植入后的免疫反应,实现对精细脑电信息的实时、高精度解码;信号采集器为无线全埋置设计,支持无线充电。

“期待通过此次试验,让因脊髓损伤导致四肢瘫痪的患者实现脑控鼠标、恢复手部部分运动功能替代。”智冉医疗首席执行官宋麒表示,临床试验预计2027年完成。

此外,上海、广州、成都、深圳、合肥等地也在开展不同阶段的脑机接口临床试验。目前多数高通量植入式脑机接口仍处于早期临床验证阶段,部分功能改善来自脑机接口、神经刺激和长期康复训练的联合干预,其疗效持续性、适用人群及不同组成技术的独立贡献,仍需更大样本、对照研究和长期随访确认。

作为下一代人机交互平台,脑机接口不只用于医疗康复

“目前,我国脑机接口诊疗已经进入临床验证和注册临床的关键阶段。”赵国光说,与国外相比,我国优势明显:临床需求大,脊髓损伤、卒中、帕金森病、癫痫等患者群体庞大;神经外科、康复医学、工程技术和产业力量结合得越来越紧密;医生深度参与技术研发和临床方案设计,使技术目标更贴近患者真实需求。

“脑机接口只能解决传统医学手段不能解决的部分问题,功能重建也不可能一蹴而就,对此要有理性认知。”赵国光同时指出,其有效性、安全性、稳定性,还有待时间和实践的检验。

“我国脑机接口有望迎来快速迭代放量周期,其诊疗功能将随之扩展。”罗敏敏认为,未来5年内,有望实现功能替代、神经康复修复、言语功能重建等,可显著改善患者的自理能力和生活质量;未来5—10年,脑机接口有望实现更多功能。比如:双向脑机一体化,由“读取”神经信号升级为“写入式”神经调控,通过算法解码意图后触发刺激自身肌肉、脊髓神经;脑区同步解码,从单一运动皮层拓展至视觉、情绪、认知多脑区同步采集,解码信息维度大幅提升;除功能修复、触觉重建外,还可用于精神疾病干预,造福高发抑郁群体。

放眼未来,脑机接口的价值和功能远不止于医学诊疗。

“千万别把它看‘小’了。”倪广健认为,作为“十五五”规划纲要部署的未来产业之一,脑机接口将牵引、带动我国科技发展和产业升级。“脑机接口已在航空航天、教育娱乐、交通运输等方面展现出可观的应用前景,将来应用领域会更加广阔。”

罗敏敏说,在可预见的未来,脑机接口有望实现从人脑与人工智能、机器人深度协同,拓展到健康人群的认知、感知增强等。当然这些设想还面临技术瓶颈,也涉及神经隐私、人格自主、公平获取和非医疗性植入风险等伦理问题。

脑机接口的应用潜力有多大?

“作为下一代人机交互平台,脑机接口最大的特点是能实现高带宽的人机信息双向传递。”宋麒说,人们说话、打字,每秒钟传递的信息不过几十个字节,但两个智能体的信息传输速率已达到每秒钟几百兆、几个G(吉字节)甚至更高。“随着脑机接口技术的不断迭代和新一代无线通信、人工智能等技术的快速演进,脑机接口有望实现更高带宽的双向信息传递。单凭这一点,它给人类社会带来的改变就有无限的想象空间。”

培育产业需立足当前、着眼长远,政产学研医协同发力

受访者表示,发展培育脑机接口产业,需要立足当前、着眼长远,在多个方面持续发力。

加强技术攻关。罗敏敏说,脑机接口涉及的电极材料、微纳加工、专用混合信号芯片、无线一体化系统、实时解码算法等,各方面都要求“极致”。产业上下游要发扬工匠精神,摒弃“外购核心部件、简单组装”的思路,在底层技术和系统集成上下大力气,努力实现自主可控、性能优异。

建立完善相关标准、政策。赵国光指出,目前脑机接口临床研究与应用还存在一些短板,急需建立完善相关标准和政策。统一临床试验入组标准和评价指标,提升临床研究质量;建设规范化的多模态神经电生理数据库,统一临床数据标准、实现数据共享;完善产品成本、医院准入和医保支付机制,推动实现安全、有效、可复制和可负担的临床应用。

加快人才培养。脑机接口本身集神经科学、电子工程、材料科学、芯片、算法等于一体,临床研究、应用需要医护、康复人员的深度协同,各方面都存在人才缺口。倪广健介绍,天津大学在国内率先设立“脑机科学与技术”本科专业,面向全国招生。他认为,要坚持一体推进教育发展、科技创新、人才培养,采取校企、校院(医院)合作等模式,加大各类相关人才的培养力度。

加强基础研究。“颠覆性技术突破源于基础研究的原创性发现,基础研究的深度决定着科技创新的高度。”罗敏敏认为,尽管我国在神经科学、脑认知科学等领域的基础研究进展很快,但横向比较仍有差距,原创发现依然稀缺。要在生物医学、神经科学、脑科学等领域持续布局,鼓励原创性基础研究。

根深才能叶茂,厚积方可薄发。受访者表示,当前我国脑机接口进入了发展黄金期。政产学研医协同发力、真抓实干,脑机接口前程远大、未来可期。

(实习生吕泽滢参与采写)

来源:人民日报

记者 赵永新

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • “北脑一号”将在2027年申报医疗器械注册证

    Likely · Within years

  • 国内首个超百通道侵入式脑机接口系统的临床试验将在2027年完成

    Likely · Within years

  • 未来5年内,脑机接口有望实现功能替代、神经康复修复、言语功能重建等

    Possible · Within years

Open Questions

  • 脑机接口技术的长期安全性和稳定性如何?
  • 不同技术路径的独立贡献和疗效持续性需要怎样的研究来确认?
  • 脑机接口在非医疗领域的应用何时能够实现规模化?
  • 相关伦理问题如神经隐私、公平获取等将如何被监管和解决?

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