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Back灵巧手量产前夜,高自由度产品为何“叫好不叫座”?业内:行业仍在寻找最优解
灵巧手量产前夜,高自由度产品为何“叫好不叫座”?业内:行业仍在寻找最优解
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中国新闻网1 hour agoTech5 min readChinaView translation

灵巧手量产前夜,高自由度产品为何“叫好不叫座”?业内:行业仍在寻找最优解

Quick Look

灵巧手产业虽热度高、融资频繁,但高自由度产品因成本高、模型能力滞后、需求分散等因素难以实现规模量产,市场仍以三指爪等低自由度产品为主,行业正从硬件竞赛转向软件制约阶段,亟需落地明确应用场景以实现从炫技到商用的跨越。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

灵巧手是机器人末端执行器的关键部件,自由度越高理论上操作能力越强,但实际商用面临成本、可靠性及模型控制能力不匹配等挑战。

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灵巧手赛道已成为人形机器人产业链竞争最激烈的细分战场之一,纵览相关概念股2026年半年报,业界的能力叙事高度一致:一是多技术路线并行,二是进入批量化供货阶段。不过,回到财务报表,灵巧手业务对上市公司的贡献仍然有限。

这种叙事一致性的背后,是灵巧手场景与需求的分散。“市场还没有定型,大家都在探索(产品)最优解。”近日,有从事上游电机业务的上市公司向《每日经济新闻》记者坦言,客户需求非常不固定,还没有达到让企业开启全自动化量产的标准。

产业仍在探索,赛道热度居高不下。今年年初至今,涌入灵巧手赛道的资本马不停蹄,平均下来,几乎每周都有灵巧手厂商完成新一笔融资落地,与此同时,企业卷价格、卷参数、卷演示。这似乎是高科技产业“起飞”的标准叙事。

然而,展台背后是另一幅图景:三指爪或低自由度手仍是“销量担当”;多数客户仍停留在概念验证阶段,距离批量采购尚有距离;模型的控制能力依然有限。

当资本、产能与参数竞赛先行起跑,行业的真正考题才刚刚浮出水面:谁能在分散的场景中找到那个可规模化的“战场”,灵巧手才能跨过从“炫技”到“商用”的关键路口。

“客户采购三指灵巧手意愿高”

在不久前举行的“2026世界机器人大会”上,高自由度灵巧手的展示令人眼花缭乱。有观众排队和灵巧手猜拳,有厂商展示用灵巧手现场组装灵巧手,还有机器人搭载灵巧手玩吉他、弹钢琴。

手作为人类最精巧的“末端执行器”,通常被认为具有27个自由度,而机械组装的灵巧手,在自由度上早已超过了人类的血肉之手。月泉仿生开发的新一代仿生拉压体灵巧手——应手Y-Hand M2拥有38个自由度,据公司方面介绍,其为全球自由度最高的仿生灵巧手,其余推出30+自由度灵巧手的厂商也不在少数。

自由度更高,灵巧手的操作能力就越灵活、越精细。然而,灵巧手行业正呈现出一组耐人寻味的矛盾,展台上各家竞相展示高自由度五指灵巧手,但真正热销的更多是三指手和低自由度产品。

“作为一家专业做机器人末端执行器的企业,如果不去露出一些高自由度的高端产品,就没有说服力。”有灵巧手从业者坦言,“但高自由度的灵巧手会不会开模具量产,其实不会。”

据《每日经济新闻》记者了解,这位从业者所供职公司的灵巧手出货量,仍以六个主动自由度的产品为主。

“靠高自由度灵巧手挣钱,我们认为现在是不现实的。”上述从业者进一步表示,高自由度灵巧手难以实现规模化供货的核心瓶颈,并非技术能力,而在于需求端。当前,市场并不存在足以支撑大规模量产的批量采购订单。从应用场景来看,目前,高自由度灵巧手主要集中于科研市场,以及下游企业少量采购后搭载于前沿或高端机器人平台,用于产品展示等。

中科硅纪主推的同样是一款11关节、6驱动的灵巧手。据中科硅纪CEO(首席执行官)张天懿介绍,客户对于三指灵巧手的采购意愿非常高。“三指介于二指与五指之间,既兼顾二指的对指能力,也具备一定的五指手的通用抓取能力,对客户来说上手快、用起来迅速。”

灵巧手的自由度越高,性能未必呈直线上升。张天懿指出,自由度高也带来高故障率、高成本和一致性差等问题,真正能够在行业里持续干活、不间断工作的灵巧手才是真正好用的手,相比于自由度,“我们更关注续航、负载、运动次数、温度控制等关键数据”。

“行业进入软件制约硬件阶段”

那么,高自由度灵巧手当前为何“中看不中用”?

从成本来看,《每日经济新闻》记者了解到,一只高自由度灵巧手的市场价在十几万元到几十万元,甚至有高达上百万元的产品。

曦诺未来资本市场负责人付原诚表示,自由度超过25个后,灵巧手的边际效应在递减,而边际成本逐渐升高。

电机约占一只灵巧手成本的20%,自由度越高,所需要的电机、传感器等数量越多。然而,在空间有限的灵巧手里加入过多电机,不仅硬件成本压力上升,系统的集成度、散热等问题也面临更大考验。

一只走向商业化的灵巧手,必然要在成本、可靠性与场景需求之间做平衡。付原诚认为,综合考虑,拥有20个左右主动自由度、25个左右总自由度的灵巧手已足以实现人手90%以上的功能;更多的自由度会增加结构不稳定性,成本也存在更多变数。

另一方面,付原诚指出,灵巧手操作模型的预训练,需要使用大量人手动作数据,如果灵巧手配置有超出人手范畴的额外自由度,将难以采集高质量训练数据,真机遥操的过程中也会出现误差。

相比硬件参数,灵巧手模型能力的短板可能更为突出。

“至今为止,所有的VLA(视觉—语言—动作)模型没有办法驱动一个20至30自由度的手,还没有很好的‘大脑’能驱动它,能动,但缺乏灵活性。”中科慧灵创始人、董事长兼中科慧思董事长张正涛近期表示。

据付原诚介绍,现有VLA模型同一个时间戳之下,只能输出10个左右的运动控制向量,也就是同一个时间点只能控制10个左右自由度的硬件。“行业已进入软件制约硬件的阶段,”付原诚表示,当前灵巧手的自由度已提升至较高水平,通过遥操方式即可实现部分精密动作,然而,模型端的控制能力尚未跟上硬件的发展节奏。

张天懿也指出,从硬件层面来看,包括灵巧手在内的各厂商产品很难说拉开显著差距,真正的竞争焦点在于软件层,如何通过算法升级让灵巧手变得更智能,从而最大程度释放其灵巧操作能力。目前,灵巧手的“大小脑”等软件系统尚未发展至成熟阶段,这也是当前部分厂商未尝试高复杂度场景演示的一个原因。

“今年重要任务是落地应用场景”

尽管面临挑战,灵巧手行业正加速从实验室走向工厂。

高工产业研究院(GGII)报告显示,2025年中国灵巧手市场销量约1.92万只,同比增长236.84%;预计2026年达7.02万只,同比增长265.63%;到2030年有望突破43万只。

曦诺未来预计,到2026年底能达成万台级灵巧手交付产能。中科硅纪规划年产能3万台至4万台,2027年目标突破10万台。

订单正在放量,但结构分化明显。傲意科技CEO倪华良曾透露,公司近期推进的订单都在千台以上,目前灵巧手相关合作伙伴接近300家,其中,90%的客户处于概念验证阶段,观察客户收入结构,10%的客户贡献了90%以上的收入。

“目前,(灵巧手的)需求相对分散,”据付原诚介绍,约三分之一为科研及数据采集、模型训练需求,还有三分之一为机器人本体厂商的产品部署与落地需求,其余还有一些用于前沿探索及特定极端场景的需求。

而针对多元化的场景需求,行业尚无一致的解决方案。从电机到传动,从材料到传感器,国内厂商的产品差异不一而足。例如,腱绳手适用于简单的通用抓取等基础操作场景,连杆手在物流分拣、上下料等工业场景表现更好,直驱手通常用于科研教育和特种行业等。

前述灵巧手从业者直言,短期内灵巧手产品仍避免不了定制化,尽管作为生产型企业,其更希望提供标准化产品——因为标品意味着可规模化量产,但在当前技术路线尚未收敛的背景下,试错与适配仍是行业必须面对的课题。

“今年整个具身智能市场,一个非常重要甚至攸关生死的任务,就是落地应用场景。”该灵巧手从业者说。

分场景来看,未来五年内,张天懿对灵巧手进入家庭市场持谨慎态度,但可以率先走进工厂与特种行业,例如物流分拣与搬运、上下料等环节均具备批量化复制的潜力;在特种行业领域,尽管整体需求量有限,但具备实际部署条件。在部分特定工序,灵巧手辅助生产的比例在五年内有望达到40%至50%。

长期来看,付原诚认为,灵巧手市场将沿自由度维度呈现两极分化趋势,夹爪与高自由度灵巧手的应用场景几乎不存在重叠空间。低自由度灵巧手在当前过渡期解决了模型能力受限与成本等痛点,但未来简单重复性工作由夹爪完成,复杂精细化操作由高自由度灵巧手承担,几乎不会有几个至十几个自由度的中间态产品存在。

每经记者 杨煜 每经编辑 杨翼

(每日经济新闻)

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 灵巧手市场将呈现两极分化,低自由度夹爪处理简单重复作业,高自由度产品专注复杂精细操作,中间态产品将逐渐消失。

    Likely · Within years

  • 到2026年底,灵巧手交付产能将达万台级,2027年头部企业年产能有望突破10万台。

    Likely · Within years

Open Questions

  • 何时能出现主导市场的标准化灵巧手产品?
  • 软件模型何时能匹配高自由度硬件的控制需求?
  • 哪些具体场景能率先实现灵巧手的规模化应用?

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This article was originally published by 中国新闻网.

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