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Back藍色浪潮將至?美期中選舉投票 民主黨優勢恐因「隱性選民」生變
藍色浪潮將至?美期中選舉投票  民主黨優勢恐因「隱性選民」生變
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自由时报2 hours agoPolitics3 min readChinaView translation

藍色浪潮將至?美期中選舉投票 民主黨優勢恐因「隱性選民」生變

挾民調優勢迎戰期中選舉,民主黨能否掀起「藍色浪潮」仍存變數,隱性選民與歷史經驗考驗民調準確度。

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美國期中選舉於3日投票,民主黨在選前民調穩定領先。然而,民調準確性受隱性保守派選民及歷史經驗質疑,加上選區僵化與共和黨資金優勢,為選情增添變數。

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Why It Matters

美國期中選舉於3日投票,民主黨挾川普低滿意度與高通膨在選前民調領先,但民調準確度備受質疑。

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美國期中選舉3日投票。帶著推翻共和黨國會多數的高度期望,民主黨挾著現任總統川普創歷史新低的施政滿意度,以及民眾對高通膨與生活成本飆漲的強烈不滿,在選前連續數月的民調中皆保持穩定領先。種種跡象似乎都預示著,民主黨將迎來一場大捷。

英國廣播公司(BBC)報導,根據選前最終民調,民主黨候選人在眾議院選區的領先席次,已遠超奪取控制權所需的218席門檻。在牽動高層人事與司法任命權的參議院激戰中,民主黨也與對手陷入拉鋸,甚至微幅領先。紐約時報近期民調顯示,南卡羅來納州的參院選情呈現罕見平局,而川普在2024年大選時曾以高達18個百分點的優勢拿下該州;美國有線電視新聞網(CNN)的調查更指出,民主黨在德州、堪薩斯州和緬因州皆暫居領先。

然而,這股看似勢不可擋的「藍色浪潮」,卻引發專家對民調準確性的擔憂。美國近年政治史上,民調失準的案例屢見不鮮。川普在2016年與2024年兩次入主白宮的得票率,皆遠超選前預測。今年稍早的密西根州民主黨參議員初選,民調預測進步派候選人塞德(Abdul El-Sayed)將以兩位數大勝,結果最終差距僅有1%。

益普索(Ipsos)公共事務部總裁楊恩(Clifford Young)指出,近年民調難度大幅增加,除了民眾棄用室內電話外,「保守派,特別是極右翼保守派,本質上更加反建制,他們什麼都不參與,也憎恨這個體制。」若共和黨選民被系統性地低估,而民調模型未能察覺這種「隱性選民」現象,數據就很容易向民主黨傾斜。

儘管大環境對民主黨有利,但歷史經驗顯示,要複製2010年共和黨狂掃60幾席眾院席次的「紅潮」,難度依然極高。

首先,本次競爭激烈的多數選區,都是川普在2年前輕鬆拿下的「主場」。其次,歷經多年的選區重劃(Gerrymandering),真正會在兩黨之間易手的游離議席已大幅減少。更重要的是,隨著美國政治兩極化加深,搖擺選民銳減,專家形容選民結構已呈現「僵化」狀態。此外,共和黨在選戰末期擁有龐大的資金優勢,足以鋪天蓋地投放攻擊性負面廣告,這為選情增添了不確定性。

不過,即使將過去幾屆總統大選的「隱性右翼」誤差考量在內,目前的民調平均值仍顯示民主黨極有可能取得佳績。顯著的指標之一,便是川普在選戰最後幾天,被迫回防那些他在2024年曾輕鬆獲勝的州舉辦造勢活動,讓民主黨人更確信,保守派候選人的處境遠比檯面上艱難。

但選戰最大的變數始終在於人。楊恩強調:「我們(民調機構)正試圖做得更好,但我們面臨的問題在於我們正在和『人』打交道。人可不是那麼容易預測的。」在許多差距極小的激戰州,最後一刻才表態的未決定選民,將成為決定誰能主宰國會山莊的關鍵力量。

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 未決定選民將成為決定國會主導權的關鍵力量

    Likely · Within days

Open Questions

  • 隱性選民是否會扭轉民調預測?
  • 最終投票結果能否實現藍色浪潮?

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This article was originally published by 自由时报.

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