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Back歐洲國家接連提走北美黃金儲備所為何事
歐洲國家接連提走北美黃金儲備所為何事
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BBC中文57 minutes agoBusiness7 min readChina

歐洲國家接連提走北美黃金儲備所為何事

隨著地緣政治與經濟不確定性加劇,荷蘭、法國及德國等歐洲國家紛紛將黃金儲備從北美運回國內或轉移至倫敦,以增強危機應變準備。

Quick Look

荷蘭央行證實已將數十噸黃金從北美移至倫敦,以應對日益加劇的地緣政治與經濟不確定性。此舉反映歐洲各國正採取預防措施,將戰略儲備資產移至更接近本土或更具流動性之處。

AI-generated summary

Why It Matters

近年地緣政治動盪及貿易戰持續,歐洲多國中央銀行相繼將海外黃金儲備轉移至國內或倫敦主要交易中心。

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荷蘭的中央銀行上週證實,已將數十噸黃金從北美移出,並表示此舉將使其「更能為嚴重危機做好準備」。

該行表示,考慮到「日益加劇的地緣政治動盪」,已將存放於美國和加拿大、總量約313噸黃金中的86噸遷往倫敦,讓這些閃閃發亮的資產能夠在「危機情況下隨時可供使用」。

隨之而來的疑問在所難免。荷蘭為何要這樣做?是否預期地平線上將出現某種重大經濟衝擊?

看來並非如此,但這項舉措顯然是回應當前世界所面對的不穩定和不確定局勢。隨著貿易戰與軍事衝突持續,各國正採取預防措施,並將黃金保存在更接近本土的地方。

今年稍早,法國宣布已將其黃金儲備從美國運回國內。與此同時,德國聯邦銀行(Bundesbank)在截至2016年的數年間,將逾216噸黃金從海外儲存地點轉移,包括從紐約運回111噸、從巴黎運回105噸。

這是一項過去曾在全球局勢不穩時期出現過的策略。高盛(Goldman Sachs)研究分析師莉娜·托馬斯(Lina Thomas)和丹·斯特魯伊文(Daan Struyven)表示:「在冷戰期間,一些歐洲中央銀行曾將部分黃金儲備轉移到紐約。」

世界黃金協會(World Gold Council)資深市場策略師約瑟夫·卡瓦托尼(Joseph Cavatoni)向BBC表示,雖然戰爭與貿易緊張局勢「確實影響了一些相關決策」,但這並非動機清單中的「首要原因」。

通脹、利率,以及將黃金存放在能夠迅速交易的地點,也都是考量因素。

卡瓦托尼說:「我不認為有某種迫在眉睫的災難,但我確實認為,人們正更深入了解如何管理儲備資產、增加儲備資產,以及更有效地思考如何善用這些資產。」

荷蘭央行表示,今年3月至8月間從美國和加拿大移出的黃金,目前存放於英倫銀行(Bank of England;英格蘭銀行)的金庫內。

荷蘭央行行長奧拉夫·斯萊彭(Olaf Sleijpen)表示:「我們希望永遠不需要動用這些黃金,但我們確實需要加強自身的韌性及應變準備。」

倫敦具備全球主要交易中心地位,被視為最佳選擇。如果在危機時刻需要迅速買賣黃金,倫敦是首選地點,因此英倫銀行成為廣受歡迎的黃金儲存場所。

身兼英國央行的英倫銀行是全球規模數一數二的黃金託管機構。位於倫敦市中心、擁有300年歷史的這家機構地下,存放著約40萬根金條,總值超過2000億英鎊(2704.6億美元;1.82萬億元人民幣;8.56兆元新台幣)。

根據世界黃金協會的行業調查,英倫銀行仍然是最受歡迎的黃金存放地點,但各國央行正愈來愈多元化其貴金屬的儲存位置。

高盛的托馬斯和斯特魯伊文指出,黃金應該存放在哪裏,已「愈來愈成為各國儲備管理者關注的首要問題」。

在現代世界,有許多方法可轉移黃金儲備。荷蘭在紐約出售了約59噸黃金,然後在倫敦購入更多持倉,因此該部分黃金無需實際跨越大西洋運送。

但超過27噸黃金則從美國和加拿大「實體轉運」至荷蘭澤伊斯特鎮(Zeist)。另有大致相同數量的黃金亦從澤伊斯特運往倫敦。

提供此類服務的公司對具體操作方式守口如瓶,但可以肯定的是,為避免現實版《意大利任務》(The Italian Job;《大淘金》/《奇謀妙計劫金磚》/《偷天換日》/《天羅盜網》)式的搶劫事件發生,相關安全措施和規劃都極為周密。

世界黃金協會的卡瓦托尼表示,轉移黃金儲備的一種標準做法,是在一地出售黃金,再在另一地買入。

他說:「假設我希望黃金存放在紐約,但目前存放於倫敦。我可以在倫敦出售黃金,並同一天、同一時間在紐約買回黃金,實際上只是在帳面上完成轉移,而毋須進行任何物流運輸。」

跨境運送黃金的公司屈指可數,其中之一是布林克全球服務公司(Brink's Global Services)。該公司向BBC表示,近年來已看到包括中央銀行在內的客戶需求增加。

布林克執行副總裁納德爾·安塔爾(Nader Antar)表示:「地緣政治及經濟不確定性加劇,以及黃金作為戰略儲備資產的重要性上升,看來都是推動這股趨勢的因素。」

黃金儲存問題之所以成為各國中央銀行高度關注的議題,是因為它們近年來一直積極增持黃金。不過,高盛的托馬斯和斯特魯伊文指出,把黃金存放在本國境內也需要付出成本。

他們表示:「國內儲存需要投資於實體保安、審計基礎設施及保險,而對規模較小的中央銀行而言,這些成本可能不成比例地高昂。」

根據世界黃金協會數據,過去四年間,各國中央銀行平均每年增持1000噸黃金,顯著高於此前十年每年平均500噸的水平。

這股趨勢可追溯至全球金融危機時期,而且預計未來一年還將持續上升。

近年來,黃金備受市場追捧。其價格一路飆升,今年1月曾突破每盎司5000美元(3.36萬元人民幣;15.82萬元新台幣),創下一連串歷史新高。

黃金價格上升有多項原因,但其中一項主要因素,是這種貴金屬在人類心理中被視為所謂的避險資產,在由貿易戰與軍事衝突引發的金融和地緣政治動盪時期,投資者傾向持有黃金。

通脹與利率也會影響黃金的吸引力。由於供應稀缺,加上數千年來一直被賦予價值,黃金在某種程度上能抵禦物價上升,因此被視為良好的投資選擇。

What to Watch

AI outlook — possibilities, not facts

  • 央行持續增持黃金趨勢將在未來一年內延續

    Within months

Open Questions

  • 未來是否會有更多國家將黃金撤回本土?
  • 此類轉移對全球黃金供應鏈的長期影響為何?

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This article was originally published by BBC中文.

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